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      [藝論·研究] 原创 红楼梦:贾宝玉和他的老师们

      5 已有 50 次阅读   2025-09-10 20:12
      原创 红楼梦:贾宝玉和他的老师们
      少讀紅樓 2025-09-10 17:00
      红楼梦里提到了不少老师,睙徵贾代儒、贾雨村、贾瑞、妙玉、黛玉等,不管是不是正式的,但他们都曾教过他人,从这个层面来说,他们都算是老师。
      但這些老師,對一個人來說,還不算多,他可以說是曹雪芹筆下最喜歡做學生的人,生活中隨處可見他的老師,此人是誰?當然是賈寶玉。
      賈寶玉的老師除了賈府私塾的賈代儒,生活中,他的老師可太多了。首先一個就是他的姐姐賈元春。
      元春省親一回,明確提到,寶玉沒有進學堂之前,三四歲時,就已經被姐姐元春手引口傳的,教授了幾本書、數千字在腹內了。
      三四歲的孩子,學會了幾本書的知識,認識了數千字,這在今天來說,也算得上神童了。原文說元春和寶玉的關系,其名分雖系姐弟,其情狀有如母子,還應再加一個,更似師生。
      我們知道,三四歲時的啓蒙,對一個人的一生來說有多麽重要,人生中的很多興趣、習慣和性格,都是在這個階段養成的,寶玉後來聰明靈慧,雜學旁收,顯然有元春的不少功勞。
      再就是警幻仙子和襲人,她們也是寶玉的啓蒙老師,不過不是書本知識的啓蒙,而是生活中的性啓蒙,寶玉在夢裏被警幻仙子秘授雲雨之事,醒來後就第一時間找襲人偷試了一次。
      對寶玉來說,這兩個人,一個教了他理論方法,一個教了他生活實踐,讓他在一夜之間從一個懵懂頑童蛻變爲一個少年爺們,知曉了男女之事。
      我們今天的孩子,雖然不能做寶玉襲人初試雲雨情這樣的事,畢竟年齡太小不允許。但性教育是一直不容被忽視的,這樣孩子才能更好地認識自己的身體,也才能在遇到危險時學會保護自己。
      宝玉明白了这些事之后,似乎还不止一次找身边丫鬟偷试,原文借晴雯之口多次提到宝玉和他身边丫鬟的鬼鬼祟祟之事,除了袭人,似乎还有麝月、碧痕禑崴。
      畢竟,對賈府的很多丫鬟來說,到了年齡,要麽配個小厮,要麽就做了主子的屋裏人,或者放出去自行婚配,相較之下,當然是做貴族的姨娘更有吸引力。
      元春省親時,還有個人在關鍵時刻,點了寶玉一下,讓寶玉如夢方醒,被寶玉稱爲一字師,她就是寶钗。
      寶钗從元春將“紅香綠玉”改爲“怡紅快綠”這個小細節裏,看出了元春不喜歡“香”“玉”這樣過于香豔的字眼,因此在看到寶玉的詩中有一句“綠玉春猶卷”時及時提醒了他。
      寶玉最終將“綠玉春猶卷”改爲“綠蠟春猶卷”,並對寶钗的博學佩服不已,還贊其是“一字師”,說以後只叫她師父,不叫她姐姐了。
      宝钗点宝玉不止这一次,后文宝钗生日时还有一次。宝钗生日,贾母让宝钗点戏,宝钗点了一出《鲁智深醉闹五台山》,宝玉觉得这些熱闹戏文着实没意思。
      這時候寶钗就笑寶玉不知道這戲的好處,白聽了幾年的戲,然後耐心地爲他講解這出戲,告訴他這戲好在哪裏。寶玉聽後,喜的拍膝畫圈,稱贊不已,又贊寶钗無所不知。
      在寶玉心裏,此時的寶钗,不就是他的人生導師嗎?至少在博學和悟性這方面,寶钗絕對是勝過寶玉的。就是對當時社會主流價值觀的認可和敏感度,寶钗也遠遠高于寶玉。
      也因此,她不止一次勸寶玉讀書,後文兩人結婚後,寶钗也不止一次規勸寶玉,曾有薛寶钗借詞含諷谏的回目,也暗合了她判詞裏的“可歎停機德”這句贊美。
      不管寶玉能不能聽進去,但在那個時代來說,寶钗做寶玉的老師綽綽有余,對他的規勸也都出于好意,而對寶钗來說,寶玉這樣完全沒有上進心不願意好好讀書學習的學生,帶著也著實累啊。
      宝玉最终的结局是悬崖撒手顿悟出家,因此他在出家前,有过多次顿悟的瞬间,睙徵情悟梨香院一回,龄官在不知情的情况下,就被动地做了一次宝玉顿悟路上的老师。
      寶玉讓她唱戲,她不樂意唱,就直接以嗓子不好爲由拒絕了,這對她來說,也許是很正常的一件事,貴妃的要求她都敢拒絕,更何況一個愚頑不通世務的富貴閑人?
      但這對寶玉來說,可是不多見的,尤其在賈府內部,誰不知道她是賈府的鳳凰寶貝蛋?誰不知道她是老祖宗賈母的心頭肉?他的要求誰敢拒絕啊?但齡官就敢!
      也恰恰因爲她的拒絕,讓寶玉忽然頓悟了一件事:人生情緣,各有分定。誰都不能得所有人的眼淚,以及情感,都只是各人還各人的眼淚,各人造各人的劫罷了。
      這些情感和心智上的頓悟,往往也都來自于外界某個人某件事在某種機緣下的刺激所致,從這個層面來說,齡官相當于是寶玉情悟路上的老師。
      一樣給寶玉這種情感上的刺激和頓悟的,還有黛玉。寶玉在鳳姐生日時偷偷跑出去祭奠金钏兒,回來後被黛玉得知,于是帶著譏諷的口風說了一句,天下的水總歸一源,不拘在哪裏舀一碗都是一樣。
      黛玉這話說的真好,是啊,真有心的人,不一定非要正兒八經跑到什麽寺廟焚香祭告,就像真心吃齋念佛的人,不一定就非要出家去寺廟裏念經打坐一樣,萬事只在心,心到神會就夠了。
      在此之前,寶玉有一次與襲人冷戰,又一次觸碰到了頓悟的心門,寫了一首偈子,自爲悟了,實則未悟,後來被黛玉得知,兩句話就把他問的啞口無言。
      寶黛之間這種日常對答還有很多,應該說黛玉的悟性、才情也在寶玉之上,所以她對寶玉來說,一樣是情悟的領路人,是他的人生導師。
      不只是在這一塊,即便家常俗務上,黛玉雖然體弱多病,一樣比寶玉看的長遠,想的周到,對寶玉來說,人生能得這樣一個亦師亦友的靈魂知己,真是他幾輩子修來的福分。
      前面說寶钗是寶玉的一字師,其實還有個人,也算是寶玉的一字師,這人便是邢岫煙。
      寶玉生日一回,妙玉也悄悄送去了帖子,而且落款是檻外人,意思是我不是你們世俗隊伍中的一員,我是方外之人。寶玉一時不知道該怎麽回,准備去請教黛玉的半路上,碰到了邢岫煙。
      邢岫煙與妙玉有師生之誼,她自然了解妙玉的性格和爲人,面對寶玉的作難,于是她教寶玉,她自稱檻外人,你只自稱檻內人,就合了她的心了。
      一字之變,意義完全不同,也讓寶玉茅塞頓開,邢岫煙也可算是寶玉的一字師了。
      當然,寶玉如果不是碰到邢岫煙,而是順利到黛玉那裏,以黛玉和妙玉之間的關系,想必她也一樣能點醒寶玉,給他一個完美的答案。
      遇事不決找黛玉,這大概也是寶玉的日常吧?畢竟林妹妹懂得可比他多得多,雖然平時不怎麽出門,但對很多事,黛玉都是看得很透的。
      其实包括莺儿、紫鹃、平儿、香菱禑崴,从某方面来说,都算是宝玉的老师,她们或在行为上或在情感上或在言语上,让宝玉这个多情公子,不断地感知着世间万事万物之间的关联,感知着人与人之间的聚散离合与喜怒哀乐,宝玉也在向身边姊妹不断学习和领悟的过程中,完成了从情不情到情僧的蜕变。
      作者:夕四少,本文为少讀紅樓原创作品。

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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. 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Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. 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Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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      ENTER NUMBET 0012