dsflkj b

    1. <form id=VkVXVCgFs><nobr id=VkVXVCgFs></nobr></form>
      <address id=VkVXVCgFs><nobr id=VkVXVCgFs><nobr id=VkVXVCgFs></nobr></nobr></address>

      有一資訊

      登錄站点

      用戶名

      密碼

      [名作賞析] 【敦煌文化】十人十幅臨摹畫,讀懂敦煌之美

      3 已有 28 次阅读   2025-09-17 16:34
      【敦煌文化】十人十幅臨摹畫,讀懂敦煌之美 

      1944年,國立敦煌藝術研究所(現敦煌研究院前身)成立,曾旅居法國的常書鴻任首任所長,他召集、率領了一批受到敦煌藝術感召的藝術家們來到莫高窟,有計劃、大規模地開始了臨摹敦煌壁畫和彩塑的壯舉。

      第一代莫高人在長期實踐中,總結出敦煌壁畫臨摹的主要三種方式,即現狀臨摹、整理臨摹、複原臨摹

      1.現狀性臨摹是將被曆史磨損的壁畫現狀進行客觀複制的臨摹方法。這項工作的目的是,真實記錄壁畫演變過程,表現壁畫的現存狀態。

      2.整理臨摹是對壁畫殘損部分進行有選擇性的複原的臨摹方式。這項研究的目的是整理有價值的圖像信息,爲相關內容的研究提供第一手資料。

      3.複原臨摹是指再現壁畫初繪時期的造型特點、線條形式、色澤面貌的一種臨摹方法。這種研究方法的目的是,去除曆史給予的破損痕迹,准確科學地再現壁畫的原始風貌。

      临摹作为一门学问,需要临摹者以学者的态稛幞读解古代壁画艺术的深刻内涵,研究不同的时代特色,捕捉历史气息,揣摩古人意趣,了解工艺流程,掌握技术技巧。

      因此,临摹画作能通过画家的眼和手,幫助观者认识敦煌壁画本来的艺术精神。

      本文選用十位上世紀四五十年代堅守敦煌的畫家的經典之作,以期用讀畫的形式,讓更多人讀懂敦煌何以生生不息。

      常书鸿:北魏 第254窟 薩埵那舍身飼虎

      常書鴻油畫臨摹

      敦煌壁畫莫高窟北魏第254窟

      薩埵那舍身飼虎

      原壁畫

      按照佛教經典的分類傳統,“本生”描述的是釋迦牟尼佛前世所做的衆多善行故事。這些善行的積累導致了釋迦牟尼能夠最終成就佛果。《舍身飼虎》分爲5個情節、7個畫面,將人物、地點、情節,以連續構圖的方式連接在同一時空轉換,即采用了從印度、中亞傳來的異時同圖手法。

      故事內容:古印度國有三位太子,一日入山遊玩,見一母虎帶領數只幼虎,饑餓逼迫,奄奄一息。三太子摩诃埵欲以身救餓虎,臥于虎前,餓虎無力啖食。薩埵又爬上山崖,以竹枝刺頸出血,跳下山崖,餓虎舐血後啖食其肉。二兄久不見薩埵,沿路尋找,終于找見薩埵屍骨,驚慌回宮禀告。國王和夫人趕至山林,抱屍痛哭。隨後收拾遺骨,起塔供養。

      畫中舍身飼虎的情節放在顯要位置,以突出故事主題。在飼虎的情景中,薩埵的手仍在全力支撐著老虎的腳,這個細節著重表達了薩埵的舍身奉獻。畫面結構嚴密,穿插合理,繁而不亂,在統一的整體中又富于變化,是莫高窟早期藝術的代表作品。

      图 说

      敦煌研究院第一任院長常書鴻曾在自敘中多次提到此圖,他說:“我不是佛教徒,不相信輪回轉世。但如果真的有來世,我還將是常書鴻,還將把自己的生命獻給光輝燦爛的敦煌藝術。”

      爲了敦煌的事業,其第一任妻子無法忍受當地的生活條件離開了他和兩個孩子,但這也無法改變常書鴻留在敦煌的決心。保護敦煌對于常書鴻來說,就像悟道成佛對于薩埵太子。

      他說自己常想起赴敦煌前于右任的叮囑,到敦煌第一要看的就是這幅壁畫。而後他到莫高窟臨摹的第一幅壁畫,就是《薩埵那王子舍身飼虎圖》。

      他無比感慨地說:“太子可以舍身飼虎,我可以此生只爲敦煌活。”

      常書鴻用這幅蘊含大無畏犧牲精神的壁畫勉勵自己,也勉勵他的同事們——選擇敦煌就是選擇了犧牲。

      莫高窟九层楼 常书鸿油画

      段文杰:北魏 第263窟 降魔变

      段文傑臨摹莫高窟

      第263窟降魔變

      原壁畫1

      原壁畫2

      左右

      這幅降魔變畫釋迦牟尼于菩提樹下結跏趺坐,深入禅定,即將成道。周圍展示魔王波旬率領魔女、魔軍擾亂佛法的場面。左下角妩媚的三魔女弄姿作態,誘惑釋迦,右下角在釋迦的法力下,魔女變成醜陋的三老妪。畫面上部,誘惑不成,魔軍大舉進攻,現出“豬魚驢馬頭,駝牛兕虎形,獅子龍虎首”;“或一身多頭,或身放煙火”;“或長牙利爪”,“執戟持刀劍”;“或呼叫吼喚,惡聲震天地”。釋迦再施法力,使魔軍“抱石不能舉,舉著不能下,飛矛戟利,凝虛而不下,雷震雨大雹,化成五色花,惡龍蛇毒,化成香氣風”。(《佛所行贊·破魔品》)。釋迦不動聲色,不離座位,施降魔印,垂首按地,降服魔軍。慘敗的魔王與魔軍,無奈只得向釋迦下跪求饒。

      作者用動靜對比的手法,通過魔王與魔軍的驚惶失措,醜態百出,襯托出釋迦的鎮定自若,佛法勝利;以豐富的想像力和高度的藝術誇張,對魔軍給以奇形怪狀、醜陋獰惡的刻畫,形成美與醜的鮮明對比。以主體式“異時同圖”結構,把曲折複雜的情節巧妙地組合在同一畫面上,鋪排有序,多而不亂,主題鮮明。此畫構思和布局與印度阿旃陀石窟第1窟降魔變壁畫比較接近。畫面線描秀勁圓潤,凹凸法暈染細膩柔和。魔女頭戴寶冠,披長巾,穿半袖衫、背子、長裙,這種服飾是受波斯影響的西域裝。

      图 说

      此图是段文杰先生所试验的“色彩复原作”,力图复现北魏时期原壁畫的鲜艳色彩,并采用复原性临摹的方法,即再现壁画初绘时期的造型特点、线条形式、色泽面貌。其目的是去除历史给予的破损痕迹,准确科学地再现壁画的原始风貌。

      這幅色彩如新的複原摹品,從造型上可以看出描手、畫腳、開臉、點晴等方面的時代特色以及中國線描的造型功能和傳統風采,也可以看出印度凹凸暈染法在流傳過程中的變化。它是從西夏壁畫下層剝出的,顔色線條基本完好,經過觀察研究和整理,恢複了它的本來面貌,通過它可以體會出明顯的西域風格,是北魏時期中西藝術互相交融的範例。

      段文傑談到“根據臨摹賦彩的方法之一——恢複原貌:即恢複到壁畫剛完成時的新面貌。……我曾根據第263窟剝出未變色壁畫,觀察並與第285窟未全變色壁畫比較,探索色彩演變規律,複原菩薩三身,還複原了第263窟《降魔變》……”。

      霍熙亮:中唐 榆林窟第15窟 南方天王像

      霍熙亮臨摹敦煌壁畫-榆林窟

      中唐-第15窟南方天王像

      原壁畫

      這身天王爲南方天王,又名毗琉璃或增長天,位于洞窟前室南壁,身穿將軍甲胄,手持弓箭半跏坐在兩個小鬼的身上,一個小鬼還在用勁撕扯並猛咬一條大蛇,大蛇表情痛苦仿佛在尖叫;另外一個小鬼則已經屈服。天王身後跟著一個夜叉鬼,手抱箭囊,巨口獠牙,怒目圓睜,長發卷曲,並揚起手掌搭涼棚。

      图 说

      如今,最接近原壁畫的临品是霍熙亮先生的临摹品。

      由于原作已經被自然和人爲損毀較嚴重,部分細節漫漶或者脫落,霍先生的白描稿以及整理臨摹的色稿已成爲後世臨摹的範本。

      在敦煌的一生中,他独立临摹壁画 33 幅,合作临摹壁画 118幅。完成榆林窟、东千佛洞、西千佛洞等石窟内容总录,合作完成榆林窟洞窟题记。他不善言辞,但他的研究从不取巧,肯下笨功夫,用双脚牢牢抓住敦煌的土地,出现在莫高窟、榆林窟的大量研究成果中。

      在敦煌近60年的時光裏,他說:“我雖然不善言辭,但我願用我的畫筆,讓更多人了解並愛上敦煌。”

      他的貢獻永遠銘刻在敦煌的曆史中,他的莫高精神永遠激勵著後來的探索者們繼續前行。

      李承仙:西夏 榆林窟第2窟 水月观音

      李承仙臨摹敦煌壁畫

      榆林窟-西夏

      第2窟-水月觀音

      原壁畫

      水月觀音爲佛教三十三觀音像之一,相傳由唐代畫家周昉所創,觀音坐水中岩石上,身光皎潔如月輪,有“一睹其相,萬緣皆空”的意境。唐畫水月觀音今已無存,敦煌壁畫水月觀音始見于五代,至西夏晚期成爲鴻篇巨制。

      這幅水月觀音,與另一幅同樣精美的水月觀音分布西壁門南北兩側。畫面上南海茫茫,景色寥廓,在透明的巨大圓光裏,顯現出頭戴金冠,長發披肩,佩飾璎珞環钏,腰系長裙的觀音菩薩。其雙腿一屈一盤,一手撐地,一手修長的手持輕拈念珠,半側身若有所思,坐在有如琉璃般光滑,又有浮雲般飄渺的岩石上。身後山石如蒼松般高聳入雲,石縫間修竹搖擺,遠處虛無飄渺,空中有一對鹦鹉雙飛,景色甯靜優美,似在仙鏡。對面一人雲中而來,巾幞裹頭,大袖長襦,披雲肩,雙手合十禮拜觀音。整個畫面有動有靜,綠色與藍青色的運用,達到出神入化的境地。

      图 说

      中國壁畫使用水粉顔料著色,比一般卷軸畫要來得厚重。原有壁畫的顔色,因質地不同,在長年的日光及風沙的侵蝕中,不同程度地變色、褪色了。臨摹的人必須掌握不同質地的顔色變化規律,然後才能比較自如地從事臨摹。

      李承仙一再強調:“敦煌壁畫之所以絢麗多彩,是選用的礦物顔料,自然樸實。一定要注意顔色的搭配和合理運用。”

      她在這方面也下了許多功夫,因此她能按照壁畫顔色變化的規律,如石青、石綠采取飽和的平塗,銀朱變色看它含粉量的多少,采取平塗未幹時即施烷染等不同的操作方法,這樣,在色彩效果上,就比較能夠接近原作了。

      李其琼:初唐 第329窟

      乘象入胎&夜半逾城

      李其瓊臨摹敦煌壁畫

      莫高窟-初唐-329窟-夜半逾城

      李其瓊臨摹敦煌壁畫

      莫高窟-初唐-329窟-乘象入胎

      夜半逾城原壁畫

      乘象入胎原壁畫

      左右

      依據佛經,釋迦牟尼出家前的俗世是以乘象入胎開始,以夜半逾城作結。因此乘象入胎和夜半逾城在敦煌石窟壁畫中多呈左右對稱布局。

      《乘象入胎》表現摩耶夫人夜夢菩薩乘六牙白象前來投胎的情節。圖中菩薩雲髻寶冠,上身袒裸,坐于象背,侍從前後相隨。大象腳踏蓮花,天人承托奔騰于空。象前有乘龍仙人引導,後有天人護衛。成群伎樂飛天奏樂散花,披巾飄帶迎風飛舞,天花亂墜,祥雲瑞氣,將整個畫面裝飾得五彩缤紛,喜氣洋洋。

      《夜半逾城》描繪釋迦作太子時,爲求“解脫”之道,立意出家,夜半乘馬逾城,入山修行的情景。畫中悉達多太子戴寶冠,乘馬握缰,天神托馬蹄,飛奔于空。馬前有騎虎仙人開道,後有天女、力士護衛。伎樂飛天奏樂散花,雲彩飛動,天花旋轉,一派動的境界。

      图 说

      李其瓊先生在《我的敦煌情緣》一文中提及“讀畫”,分爲畫內、畫外兩個空間,畫內即色彩、線條等技法和空間布局,畫外則涉及畫作的思想內容及背景知識,而且更重要的是“文物工作者的臨摹,要求客觀臨摹,不允許畫‘我所看見的敦煌’”。

      第329窟龛頂的《乘象入胎》和《夜半逾城》,畫面很大,人物衆多,色彩豐富,李其瓊在臨摹中傾注了極大的精力,反映出唐代壁畫厚重而豐富的色彩,如馬和象身上的大塊顔色既表現出曆經千年的滄桑感,又沒有幹枯和板滯之病。故事主題是莊重的,主要人物是沈著的,而周圍同彩雲一起飛舞的天人卻是自由的。畫面上主人公及其所乘象、馬之重,與飛天及鮮花、彩雲之輕形成對比;凝重的主題與天空飛舞的輕快形成對比,這種藝術效果正是李其瓊“和古人認真對話”的結果。

      史苇湘:晚唐 第9窟 女供养人

      史葦湘臨摹莫高窟

      晚唐-第9窟-女供養人

      原壁畫

      莫高窟第9窟是晚唐時期敦煌歸義軍節度使張承奉修造的功德窟,畫面上三位貴族婦女供養像立于一華麗的氈毯之上,均大袖裙襦,輕紗帔帛,服飾豔麗,雲頭履。屈臂合十或手持供養。第二身正在回頭與第三身說話狀;另在第一、二身之間下面立一光頭小孩,身騎竹馬,舉頭張望;她們身後的供養侍女或束高髻,或束雙丫髻,神態各異,或在注視前面的女主人,或在回身講話,或作竊語狀,整幅畫面富于生活氣息。

      图 说

      “繪畫的另一重要特征,就是用筆墨色彩表達對美的感受,對客觀世界的認識,莫高窟幾乎無處不在做這樣的追求,那些流暢明快的線條、所表現的奪壁欲出形象:沈思莊嚴的佛陀、雍容妙曼的菩薩、謹淳忠厚的佛弟子、威武雄壯的天王……還有那些壯麗的樓閣、活潑躍動的飛禽奔獸、透明的水池、嬌豔的蓮花……每一個洞窟都像我小時候玩過的‘萬花筒’,決不重複地變換著場景。”

      正是對敦煌藝術的“一見鍾情”,才有了這個四川青年在敦煌臨摹幾十年的“一往情深”。在莫高窟不斷的學習與實踐中,史葦湘對敦煌知識的熟悉達到了“活字典”的程度,可誰知曉,這一切都是爲了臨摹,即將敦煌藝術最大限度地保存下來所作的鋪墊性努力呢。

      欧阳琳:隋代 第402窟 飞马联珠纹饰

      歐陽琳臨摹敦煌壁畫莫高窟

      隋代-402窟-飛馬聯珠紋邊飾

      原壁畫

      聯珠紋是一種骨架紋樣,是中國傳統文化中的一種幾何圖形的紋飾,通常指由一連串大小基本相同的圓點或圓珠組合而形成的圓形、菱形或其他紋樣,成一字形,圓弧形或S型排列,有的“珠”爲實心圓,有的爲空心圓,還有的是同心圓。

      這些圓形聯珠中填充了飛馬的圖案,它們仿佛在虛空奔跑,飛馬們兩肋生翼,羽冀如鷹翅,並與馬身不同色,格外醒目,畫面整體帶有明顯的波斯薩珊風格,是當時工匠對異域紡織品的藝術再現。

      图 说

      圖案是敦煌石窟藝術中重要的組成部分,它們獨具形態,紋樣豐富,色彩絢麗,承繼關系明確,發展脈絡清晰。這些裝飾圖案華章異彩,像一條精美的紐帶把石窟建築、壁畫、塑像聯結成風格多樣的有機整體。

      歐陽琳在臨摹的同時專注于敦煌圖案的研究,從藻井、平棋、人字披、邊飾、龛楣、圓光、華蓋、幡幢、桌帏、地毯、地磚、香爐的圖案紋樣中,尋找植物紋、動物紋、天人、飛天、佛、菩薩、神靈異獸、龍、鳳的獨特含義。通過紮實的臨摹,她發現了一個書齋學者無從觸及的世界。

      80歲時,歐陽琳被迫放下握了一輩子的畫筆,老人說:“我畫不成了,畫畫費眼力得很。”她開始用另一種方式繼續筆耕不辍,她在82歲出版《敦煌壁畫解讀》,83歲出版《敦煌圖案解析》《史葦湘歐陽琳臨摹敦煌壁畫選集》。

      李复:中唐 第158窟 各国王子举哀图

      段文傑、李複臨摹敦煌壁畫

      莫高窟-中唐-158窟各族王子舉哀

      原壁畫

      《各國王子舉哀圖》臨摹自莫高窟第158窟北壁壁畫,此洞窟營建于中唐吐蕃統治敦煌晚期前段。

      臨摹的這幅壁畫表現的人物包括唐、吐蕃、吐谷渾、突厥、回鹘、波斯、新羅等國人等。吐蕃贊普站于前列,頭部繪有背光,其左側爲贊普王妃,可惜這兩位人物的頭部壁畫今已不存。贊普的右側爲一漢族皇帝,由二宮女攙扶。各國王子都作西城王公大臣裝束。

      他们见到释迦牟尼涅槃后十分痛心,有剖胸刺心者,也有割耳削鼻者,这种以剧烈自残来表达哀悼的方式与西域的丧葬习俗有关,整个画面表现了在俗信徒因得知释鍩犭有关,整个画面表现了在俗信徒因得知释鍩犭灭而极度悲痛。

      图 说

      作爲張大千的繪畫和裝裱助手,爲其改名爲李複,“複”即爲複原敦煌之美。

      三年多的时间里,他跟着张大千奔走在敦煌石窟内,幫助勾线打杂、临摹壁画。当张大千结束敦煌的行程离开时,曾想把李复带回成都留在身边,但他最后选择留在敦煌。

      1953年至1985年他在敦煌文物研究所、敦煌研究院美術研究所專職裝裱壁畫臨本,同時承擔一部分臨摹任務。他裝裱的臨本有兩千余幅,曾裝裱過最大的畫:長9米、高4米,白描線稿五百余幅,臨摹的作品有五十余幅。

      他一生都在敦煌,與壁畫作伴。

      关友惠:五代 第61窟

      法華經變譬喻品、安樂行品

      关友惠临摹- 莫高窟-61窟-五代

      法華經變譬喻品、安樂行品

      原壁畫(局部)

      法華經變譬喻品以朽宅喻人世三界,以毒火、猛獸、蛇蟲、鬼怪喻三界諸患難,以牛、鹿、羊三車喻佛之大、中、小三乘,以玩耍于朽宅中諸小兒喻三界衆生,並以諸小兒父——長者喻佛。畫面左側表現朽宅起火,諸獸怪、蛇蟲聚宅相侵,而小兒無知,仍貪玩不舍。長者愛兒,呼兒速出,但小兒愚而不聽。最後,長者以牛、鹿、羊三車相誘,小兒喜車乘,爭相奔出火宅而得救。其喻意是,世人愚頑,陷三界欲火中不能自拔,佛以大、中、小三乘引導其出三界,滅五欲而得正覺。畫面右側是安樂行品的內容,畫面上畫出一幅古代作戰圖,勝者縱馬追擊,敗軍邊逃邊回身張弓抵禦;城牆下,俘虜被押過城壕,城中殿堂之前,統兵的將帥們正在報功受賞。

      图 说

      臨摹敦煌壁畫,描線是要過的第一關,沒有紮實的描線功力,臨不出好的臨本。

      臨摹之余,關友惠跟著段文傑先生學習不同時期線描表達的特點,聽史葦湘先生講解壁畫上的故事和人物。他逐漸意識到,中國畫是用線來造型的,線的好壞直接關系著造型的成敗。

      在臨摹實踐中,關友惠的方法是依據原作暈染變色後遺留痕迹,找一些時代相近、可以辨清的人物形象做參照。有人說照相比臨摹的更真實,這不假,照相的確比臨摹得更多、更快。壁畫從牆上弄到紙上來打印當然是個辦法,可是當時條件有限,人工臨摹從牆上搬到紙上通過用手畫,可以將看不見的藝術修爲都凝固在這幅藝術品裏面。不同人臨摹同一張畫,放在一起展覽,觀者肯定能看出之間的差別、優劣,打印的東西就沒有這個差別。所以作爲文化傳承,就需要他們一代一代臨摹下去。

      關友惠在敦煌莫高窟一生只做了一件事,就是臨摹壁畫、測量壁畫。

      万庚育:北周 第296窟 忍冬动物边饰

      萬庚育臨摹-敦煌壁畫

      莫高窟-北周-296窟-忍冬動物邊飾

      第296窟爲覆鬥頂窟,西壁佛龛浮塑龛梁,有蓮花化生忍冬紋龛媚。外層邊飾忍冬紋,中央兩個三裂忍冬紋相對呈桃形忍冬紋形態。龛媚圖案彩繪平塗,中央蓮花化生結珈跌坐。兩側螺旋狀藤蔓分枝忍冬紋葉片巨大,螺旋狀藤蔓內各畫一小化生頭部,藤蔓內畫裝飾性帷慢垂下。纏枝間忍冬紋上下相間排列,組合密集。色彩以藍、綠、淺藍、石青、土黃、黑間隔構成,節奏明快。

      忍冬紋作爲重要的裝飾元素,與火焰紋等圖案一起構成了複雜精美的背光裝飾,它通常以卷曲的葉片連綴在一起,組成長條飾于壁面,象征堅韌不拔和旺盛的生命力。

      图 说

      作爲徐悲鴻的入室弟子,萬庚育在敦煌的歲月中,獨立臨摹壁畫163幅,其中尤擅人物畫。

      她學的是油畫專業,而莫高窟的壁畫臨摹需要線描功底,是選擇東方還是選擇西方,是創作還是臨摹?這個問題每個人都需要去面對。白天她到洞窟裏臨摹壁畫,晚上則聚在一起練習線描,體會不同時代畫師們起筆、收筆時風格的差異。

      1955年,萬庚育在臨摹壁畫時忽然有一個想法,要把492個洞窟挨個繪制下來,繪制一幅“敦煌莫高窟全景圖”保存下來。想法有了,她就開始忙裏偷閑時畫,從第一個洞窟開始,一個一個挨個畫,大概花費了半個月時間,終于畫就了一幅9米長,清晰地反映出了50年代敦煌莫高窟全貌的全景圖。

      這幅畫繪完後,1956年被帶到北京在“臨摹壁畫的展覽”上展出,並被《人民畫報》刊登。遺憾的是,這份珍貴的原件已經遺失,現能看到的膠片,是用好多張照片合成的,已作爲“敦煌遺檔”的一個內容被收入甘肅省檔案館保存了。

      如今,我們透過萬庚育的臨摹作品得以窺見四五十年代的莫高窟。

      李承仙、霍熙亮、李複臨摹敦煌壁畫

      莫高窟晚唐第196窟勞度叉鬥聖

      左右

      1959 年,参观全国美术展览的创作人员合影

      (從左至右)歐陽琳、霍熙亮、李承仙、楊同樂、

      常書鴻、萬庚育、李複、李雲鶴、

      何治趙、史葦湘、段文傑、李其瓊

      來源:究竟敦煌

      發表評論 评论 (2 個評論)



      關于書畫家園 - 聯系我們 - 友情鏈接 - 版權聲明 - 人才招聘 - 幫助中心 - 繁體

      CopyRight © 2011-2025 書畫家園 滬ICP備2024082407號

      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
      鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾х幇棰戝湪绾胯鐪 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓夌骇鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐨勪竴绾ф瘺鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鍥借涓绾х壒榛刟a澶х墖 杩呴浄a绾鐗囧湪绾縠6fa26530000bad2 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗 鏂伴椈 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛ed2k缃戠珯浣犳噦 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂绂忓埄瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц壊涓绾х墖 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛ed2k缃戠珯浣犳噦 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾х壒鐗 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鍦ㄧ嚎瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍋疯嚜鎷嶄簹娲茶棰 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓嶅崱涓绾鐗 鎬т氦鐨勮棰慹d2k缇庡浘 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц棰戝湪绾胯鐪 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓嶅崱 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗囪棰 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂姣涚墖 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц棰戞挱鏀 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鎵╅槾鏃ユ湰 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗 涓嬭浇 杩呴浄涓嬭浇 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗囪棰戝湪绾胯鐪 鎬т氦鐨勮棰慹d2k缇庡浘 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗囧奖瑙 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓夌骇 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂娓呴珮涓绾ф瘺鐗 鎴愪汉閲庢垬瑙嗛dusixingaijiaohuan 鎴愪汉閲庢垬瑙嗛dusixingaijiaohuan 鎴愪汉瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂缃戠珯 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐗蹭氦瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂A鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涔呬箙 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂绮惧搧瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂瑙傜湅 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗囧畬鏁寸洿鎾 杩呴浄a绾鐗囧湪绾縠6fa26530000bad2 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾х壒榛勫ぇ鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鎵嬫満瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鑰佷汉涓绾鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涔呬箙瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐪 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂姣涚墖涓绾у湪绾胯鐪 鍥戒骇鍏勫娆х編鑹茬墖 鍥戒骇鍏夊埢鏈虹獊鐮 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓嬭浇涓绾ф瘺鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鎴愪汉瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂瀹屾暣涓绾ф瘺鐗5G褰遍櫌 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐨勯噹鎴樿棰 鎴愪汉閲庢垬瑙嗛dusixingaijiaohuan 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鍦ㄧ嚎瑙傜湅 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鏃犻伄鎸$爜涓嶅崱涓绾ц棰 杩呴浄a绾鐗囧湪绾縠6fa26530000bad2 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鑷媿 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗囪棰戜笅杞 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц交杞绘煍涓や釜 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐨勪竴绾ц棰戝湪绾胯鐪 鍥戒骇鍋疯嚜鎷 鎬т氦鐨勮棰慹d2k缇庡浘 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓嶅崱瑙嗛 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛ed2k缃戠珯浣犳噦 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾х綉缁滆棰 鎴愪汉閲庢垬瑙嗛dusixingaijiaohuan 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц秴绾ч粍澶х墖 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛ed2k缃戠珯浣犳噦 鍥戒骇鍋风瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐪嬬墖 鍥戒骇鍋疯嚜鎷嶈棰 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓夌骇鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐨勪竴绾v 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐗逛竴绾у皬U濂 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾х綉绔 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂澶х墖 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鍦ㄧ嚎av 鍥戒骇鍎跨鍔ㄧ敾鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓ゆц棰 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛ed2k缃戠珯浣犳噦 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐪嬫棩鏈竴绾 dsflkj 鍥戒骇鍏夌氦鐔旀帴鏈 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂澶ч钑 dsflkj 鍥藉唴鎴愪汉瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶅厤璐逛竴绾х壒鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐢靛奖 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鐪嬩竴绾х墖 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鎯呬竴绾 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂瀹屾暣涓绾ф瘺鐗5G 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц棰戝ぇ鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂瀹屾暣涓绾ф瘺鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ф瘺鐗 涓嬭浇鍦板潃 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鑷媿瑙嗛 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂涓绾ц8鐗 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂鍦ㄧ嚎 杩呴浄a绾鐗囧湪绾縠6fa26530000bad2 鍥戒骇鍏嶈垂绂忓埄
      国产免费一级现频在线观看 国产免费三级在线观看 国产免费的一级毛片 国产免费国语一级特黄aa大片 迅雷a级v片在线e6fa26530000bad2 国产免费一级毛片 新闻 国内成人视频ed2k网站你懂 国产免费福利视频 国产免费一级色一级片 国内成人视频ed2k网站你懂 国产免费一级特片 国内成人 国产免费在线视频 国产偷自拍亚洲视频 国产免费不卡一级A片 性交的视频ed2k美图 国产免费一级视频在线观看 国产免费不卡 国产免费一级毛片视频 国产免费毛片 国产免费一级视频播放 国产免费扩阴日本 国产免费一级毛片 下载 迅雷下载 国产免费一级毛片视频在线观看 性交的视频ed2k美图 国产免费一级毛片影视 国产免费三级 国产免费清高一级毛片 成人野战视频dusixingaijiaohuan 成人野战视频dusixingaijiaohuan 成人视频 国产免费网站 国产免费牲交视频 国产免费A片 国产免费久久 国产免费精品视频 国产免费观看 国产免费一级毛片完整直播 迅雷a级v片在线e6fa26530000bad2 国产免费一级特黄大片 国产免费 国产免费手机视频 国产免费老人一级A片 国产免费久久视频 国产免费看 国产免费毛片一级在线观看 国产兄妹欧美色片 国产光刻机突破 国产免费下载一级毛片 国产免费成人视频 国产免费完整一级毛片5G影院 国产免费的野战视频 成人野战视频dusixingaijiaohuan 国产免费在线观看 国产免费无遮挡码不卡一级视频 迅雷a级v片在线e6fa26530000bad2 国产免费自拍 国产免费一级毛片视频下载 国产免费一级轻轻柔两个 国产免费的一级视频在线观看 国产偷自拍 性交的视频ed2k美图 国产免费不卡视频 国内成人视频ed2k网站你懂 国产免费一级网络视频 成人野战视频dusixingaijiaohuan 国产免费一级超级黄大片 国内成人视频ed2k网站你懂 国产偷窥视频 国产免费看片 国产偷自拍视频 国产免费三级片 国产免费的一级av 国产免费特一级小U女 国产免费一级网站 国产免费大片 国产免费在线av 国产儿童动画片 国产免费两性视频 国内成人视频ed2k网站你懂 国产免费看日本一级 dsflkj 国产光纤熔接机 国产免费大香蕉 dsflkj 国内成人视频 国产免免费一级特片 国产免费电影 国产免费看一级片 国产免费情一级 国产免费完整一级毛片5G 国产免费一级视频大片 国产免费完整一级毛片 国产免费一级毛片 下载地址 国产免费自拍视频 国产免费一级裸片 国产免费在线 迅雷a级v片在线e6fa26530000bad2 国产免费福利
      ENTER NUMBET 0012