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      [藝論·研究] 淺析任伯年人物畫的藝術特色——傳統中國畫研究!

      1 已有 15 次阅读   2025-09-20 22:37
      淺析任伯年人物畫的藝術特色——傳統中國畫研究! 

      摘要:任伯年繪畫的成功之處,就在于他不僅能從前人優秀的繪畫傳統中吸收造型的經驗,更能大膽地借鑒西洋畫的素描寫實因素,將之融入中國畫的傳統筆墨之中,壅造人物形象,從而擺脫了明清人物畫“千人一面"、“陳陳相因"的陋習。

      任伯年(1840一1896)是我國近代傑出畫家,是海上畫派中的佼佼者。他的傑出藝術成就受到世人矚目。任顧初名潤,字小樓,後字伯年,浙江山陰(今紹興)人。父親任聲鶴是民間畫像師,大伯任熊,二伯任薰,已是名聲顯赫的畫家。少時受家庭的薰染,已能繪畫。

      任伯年的繪畫發自于民間藝術,他重視繼承傳統,融彙諸家之長,吸收了西畫的速寫、設色諸法,形成自己豐姿多采、新穎生動的獨特畫風。任伯年的山水畫創作不多,早年師法石濤,中年以後兼取明代沈周、丁雲鵬、藍瑛、並上追元代吳鎮、王蒙,以縱肆、勁真的筆法見長。

      與任熊、任熏、任預合稱“海上四任”,又與蒲華、虛谷、吳昌碩合稱“海上四大家'其人物畫重視寫生、勾勒、點族、潑墨交替互用,賦色鮮活明麗,形象生動活潑,且題材廣泛。花鳥畫更富有創造,富有巧趣,早年以工筆見長,後吸取恽壽平的沒骨法,陳淳、徐渭、朱耷的寫意法,筆墨趨於簡逸放縱,設色明淨淡雅,形成兼工帶寫、明快溫馨的格調,這種畫法,開辟了花鳥畫的新天地,對近現代産生了巨大的影響。

      山水画构图布局变化多端,笔墨技巧能跳出传统窠臼,别具一格。书法参以画意,大小倾侧,整齐参差,一气呵成。开创一代画风,成为晚清画坛上振衰起弊、继往开来的重要代表。徐悲鸿称誉他为 “仇十洲后中国画家第一人。

      探討任伯年人物畫成功的因素是多方面的,首先從筆墨和造型上來看,任伯年的人物畫是屬于傳統型的。從他師法的淵源不難看出:陳老蓮的人物畫風對他有著重大的影響。尤其在他早年創作的《松下問道圖》(同治丁卯1867年創作)、扇面畫《戲嬰圖》等作品中,無不體現著陳老蓮古拙怪誕的人物造型特征。在故宮所藏任伯年所作《鬥梅圖》中,畫家不但畫法追溯陳老蓮,並且落款爲“臨小蓮"字樣,旗幟鮮明地將自己歸屬于陳氏陣營。

      由此可见任伯年人物画取法高古拙异,力矫明清以来文弱娇靡之弊的绘画意识。另外,在任伯年早年的人物肖像画中,不少面貌写实的技法,来自于19世纪前半叶著名肖像画家费晓楼,在任伯年早期的人物画中,也常见“小楼"别字署款,如浙江省博物馆馆藏之《梅花仕女图》(1866 年作)。由此可见任伯年曾一度醉心于费晓楼的仕女画。陈老莲、费晓楼对任伯年的绘画影响,在他中年,乃至晚年的人物画中也常有显现。

      任伯年繪畫的成功之處,就在于他不僅能從前人優秀的繪畫傳統中吸收造型的經驗,更能大膽地借鑒西洋畫的素描寫實因素,將之融人中國畫的傳統筆墨之中,塑造人物形象,從而擺脫了明清人物畫“千人一面”、“陳陳相因”的陋習。任伯年生活的時代,正逢上海開埠,西洋畫湧人國門,強烈充斥著中國的傳統繪畫。對此,畫壇亦作出了不同的回應,既有堅守“國粹”的保守派,也有迎合西洋的開放派。而海派繪畫藝術正是在這兩種不同文化背景和審美趣味的藝術相互吸收、融合之間,開創出了一種既有中國畫的傳統又富有時代性的繪畫面貌。

      海派畫家在堅守傳統筆墨的同時,自覺或不自覺地融人了許多西畫的意識,例如對色彩的廣泛運用、水彩畫技法的借鑒吸收,等等。而任伯年正是看准了西洋畫中人物寫實性這一顯著特征,積極地通過素描、速寫的手段吸取造型的經驗。史料有載:任伯年在與一位西畫素描基礎深厚的好友劉德的交往過程中,養成了畫速寫的習慣。

      每每外出,必備一手折,常常寫下有特征的人和景物。這一手段大大地提高了畫家的造型寫實能力,使得此前從古人肖像畫人手的任伯年在創作中已掌握的默記的造型能力,與西畫寫生的方法相結合,中西畫法相融貫,遂而畫技大增、如虎添翼。今天,我們從不少任伯年存世的人物肖像畫中,都可以看出西畫素描對他繪畫造型的補益。如他爲吳昌碩所作的肖像畫《酸寒尉像》、《蕉蔭納涼圖》等作品中,都可以看到畫家對人體造型結構的認識理解,已突破了古人的筆墨傳統,流露出素描寫生的潛意識。

      在浙博所藏一幅中年男子持竹杖肖像畫作品中,作者在對象面部、手部的刻畫中,滲人了極強的素描關系。如對面部骨骼結構的描繪,已不同于古人平面化的處理手法,而是借用了一些淡墨的皴擦、渲染,表現出結構的高低凹凸起伏。正是因爲任伯年抱著積極和包容的藝術態度,接受並有選擇地運用了西畫中的造型技巧和手段,才使得他的人物畫突破了明清束縛久矣的陳規舊路,開創了一條中國畫傳統與西畫相結合的人物繪畫發展的新路。這不僅成就了任伯年,使其一躍成爲畫壇矚目的新星。

      超凡和紮實的造型能力是任伯年人物畫取勝的決定因素。而豐厚的筆墨功夫,也使得他的人物畫勝人一籌。談到任伯年的筆墨,就不能不提到他在花鳥畫領域的非凡造詣。任伯年的花鳥畫有著豐厚的筆墨傳統。從早期師法陳老蓮和宋人雙鈎設色花卉,師從任薰的小寫意花鳥畫,和一度醉心于新羅山人華的墨韻情致,到目睹八大山人作品的真迹,頓悟筆墨的天機。任伯年一生創作了相當數量的花鳥畫精品,其中涉及翎毛、花卉、鞍馬、走獸、草蟲等,可謂無所不精,無所不通。

      任伯年長于花鳥畫,從淺層次來看,不僅使得他在人物畫作品中的環境配景,可與其人物的超造型水准技巧相當;從深層次來看,花鳥畫的筆墨造詣更直接地促進了人物的筆墨技巧。在日後興起的浙派意筆人物畫,也是因爲將傳統花鳥畫的筆墨技巧與嚴謹的人物造型相結合,走出了一條現代人物畫寫生和創作的新路子。而早在半個世紀之前的任伯年,就成功地將這兩種繪畫元素結合在了一起,可見他的藝術探索,對後來中國人物畫的發展有著積極的影響和引導性的作用。

      作者:喬海明

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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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      ENTER NUMBET 0012