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      [書畫知識] 明代畫家賣畫那些事

      3 已有 2965 次阅读   2023-11-04 15:18
      明代畫家賣畫那些事 

      明 沈周 庐山高图

      古今中外的畫家都賣畫。

      歐洲的畫家很少在乎體制身份。自由職業者居多,能與教會簽訂合同,進行創作的畫家,靠的是實力。能給貴族和官員們畫肖像的畫家,也靠真實的水平和影響力。

      中國的畫家與歐洲相比,完全不同。差別表現在哪裏呢?最大的不同是:中國畫家格外迷戀體制身份,至今如此。

      在明代,有画家靠卖画为生,也有不靠卖画为生。睙徵: 画院画家和官员画家。画院画家是职业画家,官员稍显复杂,有业余画画的,也有以画画为主的。

      中國畫家不論職業的還是業余的,其作品都願意交易。賣畫是交易,以畫作爲饋贈禮品,換取其他利益,其實質還是交易。

      董其昌 《青卞图轴》 美国克利夫兰美术馆藏

      明代的畫家是怎樣賣畫呢?那時畫家賣畫有這樣幾種形式:

      1.委托和書信

      先由買畫人寫信給畫家,希望購買什麽內容的作品在信函提出來。畫家如果同意也回信。有趣的是購買畫的一方這封信的寫法,往往決定了畫家同意與否。

      買畫者對畫家的畫風應該了解,要在信裏面贊美畫家。說好聽的話,誇得畫家比較舒服,這樣容易成交。

      不过奉承画家也有风险。睙徵,说得不到位或者夸得过分,都有可能让画家不高兴,无法成交。

      明代畫家在賣畫的問題上,表現出個性鮮明,自尊自大者並不少見。買家如果真想得到某畫家的作品,投其所好是必須的。寫好這封信就顯得至關重要。

      當時,有專門爲求購書畫,寫信的寫作範本、指南一類的書。有文獻可考的例子證實,這樣的指南,最早可以至唐代。舉個例子:

      有一封書信建議如此開場白:“先生筆力堪比荊(浩)、關(仝),精微處乃有顧(恺之)、陸(探微)之遺韻。滿紙煙雲,春風沐面,成造化之功。”

      如此奉承不知是否對畫家的脾氣。同時,指南編者也告訴寫信求畫的人,對畫的主題風格要求,只可籠統提及,以免限制了畫家而對他有所冒犯。

      2.中介和代理人

      充當這類角色人員身份多種多樣,多數是行家。在交易過程中,中間人收取售價的百分之十作爲酬金,其中包括他們的估價服務費在內。

      董其昌《燕吳八景圖冊》(部分)

      3.市場和畫室

      除非萬不得已,有點名氣的畫家一般不願意到市場去賣畫。那是降低身份的行爲,等于把自己放在了小攤小販的位置上。會被看成辱沒斯文有失體面。

      中國很早就有文字記載提到銷售古畫古物的市場。

      如:廟會形成的集市,以及城市某區域內的商店。

      直接到畫家畫室拜訪和求購作品,有一定的難度,特別是名氣大的畫家。許多畫家並不願意在家裏接待買畫者。有的畫家甚至會當面拒絕買畫者,特別是對素未謀面的索畫者。(高居翰《畫家生涯》)

      沈周 伥立远眺

      4.交易方式

      我们理解的交易是现金交易。明代画家在买卖书画过程中,除了现金交易之外,也有许多其他方式。睙徵,送礼品、宴请等等。礼品包罗万象什么都可以,只要画家愿意就成交。

      明代有許多畫家很有意思,嘴上說以賣畫爲恥,賣畫辱沒了斯文和清高,畫照樣賣,只是低調些。

      明 沈周 山水图轴 纸 32X114

      5.買畫的用途

      畫買回來之後做什麽用?有幾種情況:爲了收藏、欣賞;爲保值增值;爲炫耀主人富有;買了爲了再賣,賺錢;爲了辦事給官員送禮。

      明代腐敗成風,行賄受賄是普遍現象,繪畫也與珠寶金銀玉器一樣,具有特殊價值。

      在明代有影響的畫家不少,如:洪武年間的王履;永樂年間的謝環、戴進;吳派的沈周;蘇州畫家徐渭、唐寅、仇英、文徵明;明晚期的董其昌、藍英、陳洪授等等。

      沈周自畫像

      我們來說幾個畫家。先說沈周。

      沈周(1427~1509),字啓南,號石田,長州(蘇州)人。文徵明、唐伯虎都出于他的門下。

      沈周,算得上明代畫家中少數富有者之一。以今日類比,他既爲官宦之後又出自豪富之家。他祖上留下的土地、房産、收藏養活了好幾代人,到了沈周已經是第四、第五代的樣子。

      俗話說,富不過三代,可是到了沈周這輩兒,家族依然富裕。如果那時有今天的豪車,沈周寫生中國時,不只是坐轎騎驢,買幾輛蘭博基尼車開出去寫生,那是小意思。

      爲富而驕、恃才傲物,不把地方官員放在眼裏是沈周的幼稚。

      蘇州當地幾任一把手請沈周出來做幕僚,都被沈周找各種理由推脫了。領導看得上他的畫,又不好直接要,作幕僚就好辦了。估計,沈周清楚領導的心思,就是不給面子。

      樂于悠閑自在的沈周,不依靠組織不願意寄生體制,願做平頭百姓。當然難以混到大哥的位置,其繪畫的價格始終不及弟子文徵明高。而且,許多時候只收禮品不敢收錢,原因不詳。

      明曾黥、项圣谟合绘董其昌像 选自董其昌《秋兴八景图册》 上海博物馆藏

      另一個具有傳奇般色彩的人物,在明代最具影響力,官職最高的畫家是董其昌。

      董其昌(1555~1636)字玄宰,號思白,又號香光居士。華亭(今上海松江縣)人。

      董其昌早年在貧窮中度過。

      貧窮導致人的生活窘迫,社會地位低下。窮則思變應該是他成年後努力上進的動力。憑著聰穎和悟性,他在實現個人夢想過程中,選擇的道路和方法是行之有效的。

      二十多歲開始,他勤奮作畫,以臨摹地方藏家所收古畫爲學習方式。同時苦讀應試,1588年,33歲的董其昌鄉試及第。次年會試上爲二甲第一名進士,由此榮登仕途,青雲直上,官至禮部尚書。

      他還任過太子的講官,教太子讀書,數年後此太子繼承皇位。沒曾想,該太子繼任皇位後不久,便駕崩了。

      董其昌深谙官場之道,數度辭拒官職。越是推辭不就,其政治家的聲名也就與日俱增。

      從中央機關回來,他成了集政治、藝術、商業資源于一身的大富豪,當地人人敬畏羨慕的大明星,商業資本追逐的對象。

      許多官僚士紳富豪紛至沓來,求寫字、作畫、鑒賞文物者絡繹不絕。潤筆費那是不用說的。

      董其昌有聰明過人的能力,而且將其能力發揮到了極致。《南北宗論》是他的著作。這本書幾乎成爲藝術法律,順我者昌逆我者亡。

      沈周是個一貫不給領導面子的人,得罪了董其昌,被他打壓整治叫苦不叠,成爲曆史公案。

      董其昌算得上典型的官員畫家,擁有絕對權威。是赫赫有名的畫家、收藏家、藝術理論家、批評家。他是明代繪畫曆史中一個很特殊的人物。

      董其昌從社會底層從貧困中走來,實現了自己的夢想之後,變成了地方惡霸。因其作惡太多,引起當地百姓的公憤激起民變。老百姓放火燒了他家的公館,使得他好長時間東躲西藏無處安身。

      陳洪绶《花鳥草蟲寫生冊》之一

      陳洪绶是另一種有代表性的畫家。

      陳洪绶(1598~1652)字章候,號老蓮,悔遲,雲門僧等。浙江渚暨人。

      陳洪绶八岁丧父,十八岁丧母,二十六岁丧妻。他祖父是功成名就的高官,到他父亲那辈儿,家道中落。

      从小,陳洪绶就表现出强烈的实现个人功名的抱负。他曾参加县试,考取生员,这是科举的初等考试。但是,此后他多次赴京考试,皆未中。

      他志存高远,并不愿以绘画为生,而又不得不以卖画艰难稛嵴,且身处乱世,他的中年充满挫折和心酸。

      陳洪绶两稛幄妻,女方都是名门望族,家族对他抱有很高期望,也成为巨大压力。他极其自尊,科举又多次落第,在亲友们面前抬不起头是有的。

      44歲時,他納赀進入國子監,皇帝賜他宮廷畫家之職。按理說命運並非對他不公。可是,做畫家與他的理想,做文士大儒相差甚遠。他沒給皇帝面子,辭拒不受。

      再回老家还是只能卖画。他的身份决定,他的画不可能卖出高价。只能艰难稛嵴。

      1645年,滿清軍隊攻入南方,社會動亂。他縱酒買醉,哀傷感歎,經常酒後失態放聲哭嚎。或許,他想過自殺;或許,他懷疑人生。

      他有六個兒子、三個女兒、一妻、一妾。加上他自己,12口人要吃飯,全家生計都仰賴他一筆又一筆畫出來,可以想到有多艱難。

      苦悶和命途多舛,使得他放浪形骸狎妓酗酒,終于身體垮掉了,僅活了54歲就撒手而去。

      閱讀曆史,泱泱華夏數百年過去了,許多事情已經改變,還有些事情一如既往。

      陳洪绶《花鳥草蟲寫生冊》之一

      以上三個有一定代表性的畫家經曆,能夠引起讀者何種思考呢?我想有以下幾點:

      1.陳洪绶的命运和失败的人生有何必然性?

      以今日之眼光看,陳洪绶的一生毫无疑问是失败的。

      失敗,或許有他性格缺陷問題,或許與他能力不足有關。但是,根本的還是他追求的人生目標,他的夢想無法實現。他的夢想也是社會共識,這種共識和價值取向,壓垮了他。

      他靠賣畫養家糊口,看似畫家都在賣畫,差別可太大了。市場容量有限,蛋糕就那麽大。效率和公平在權力社會裏,哪有平衡點。只會向權力傾斜,不掌握權利就意味沒有出路可言。

      那么假设,陳洪绶实现了自己的理想,做了文士大儒,会不会也和董其昌一样呢?答案多半是肯定的。

      明 董其昌 疏林远岫图 纸本38.3x98.4

      2.董其昌在實現了個人夢想之後,爲何沒有變善良?

      當占有和分配社會資源,決定的因素是權利的大小,而權力並不受監督的時候,加上人性無止境的貪婪,決定董其昌功成名就、富裕了之後,不可能資源共享,不可能體恤弱勢群體。

      共同富裕的社會是公平正義的社會。實現共同富裕,必須依靠嚴格的法制保障,權利必須受監督和受制約。

      否則,像董其昌這樣怙惡不悛的官吏、商人、畫家就是成功的標志,行業的領軍人物,市場價格的決定者,學術標准的制定者。只能爲富不仁。

      明 文徵明 山水图(立轴)纸本166.7x48.4

      3.明代的繪畫真的能以“道”爲最高理想嗎?

      宗炳的《画山水序》中,屡次提到 “道”,“圣人含道暎物”,“圣人以神法道”,“山水以形媚道”等等。…道指的是天地万物的总规律、总法则。儒、道、仙、佛家俱言“道”,“道也者,不可须臾离也。”(陈传席《中国绘画美学史》)

      如果畫家藝術創作真的是追求“真理”和“道”的精神,真如宗炳畫論說得那樣,畫得好不好水平高低,判斷的標准應該是清晰的。

      現實是,誰的權利大,誰的職務高誰就掌握話語權,就離“道”近。豈不是“道”和真理也向權利傾斜?

      權利巫術浸潤的毒蘋果,能夠毀滅白雪公主的生命,權利的濫用,同樣能阻礙藝術的發展進步。

      当权利崇拜成为文化符号,社会共识的时候,像文徵明、陳洪绶这样的杰出画家,只能成为权利、等级、专制制度的牺牲品,受欺压被边缘化的人。(文/宋志江)

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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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