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      [名作賞析] 100幅宋畫,300個細節,收藏!

      5 已有 29 次阅读   2025-09-14 01:38
      100幅宋畫,300個細節,收藏!
      深圳市書法院 2025-09-12 20:31
      点上方蓝色字体一键关注书画 | 篆刻 | 鉴藏 | 国学 | 人文 | 历史
      宋 李公麟 五马图
      纸本水墨 29.5cmx225cm 日本东京末次三次私人收藏
      此畫分五段描繪北宋元佑初年西域邊地進獻給皇帝的五匹名馬,每匹馬左側有黃庭堅題箋,分別說明馬的年齡、身高、進貢年月等。
      不過現存《五馬圖》只有四馬題箋。前四匹爲“鳳頭骢”、“好頭赤”、“錦膊骢”、“照夜白”,第五匹無名,應是“滿川花”。每匹馬前面均有一牽馬人。卷後有黃庭堅贊譽李公麟的跋。此畫中的馬及牽馬人,均是畫家根據真實對象寫生創作的。
      畫作筆線遒勁秀雅,淡墨暈染精妙,表現五匹毛色狀貌各不相同的馬,或靜止,或緩步徐行,比例准確,神完氣足。蘇轼喜李公麟畫之馬甚矣,在其《三馬圖贊並引》贊歎道:“龍眠胸中有千驷,不惟畫肉兼畫骨。”
      李公麟擅長白描,
      大部分作品都是直接畫在紙上,不施色彩。
      《五馬圖》中的“照夜白”
      就充分體現了他的白描畫法之妙。
      整匹馬僅靠幾條線來表現,
      腹、背、臀、胸的線條
      依著馬體的結構濃淡起伏,圓勁而有彈性。
      鬃毛和馬尾的筆法如行雲流水、文秀飄逸,
      使馬的氣韻顯得十分超逸脫俗。
      鳳頭骢
      錦膊骢
      好頭赤
      照夜白
      滿川花
      李公麟《五马图》 26.9×204.5cm
      珂羅版藏于北京故宮博物院圖書館
      這幅畫在清宮珍藏200多年,末代皇帝溥儀退位後,以賞賜溥傑的名義盜運出宮,曾爲日本東京末次三次私人收藏,戰後不知所蹤,目前我國僅存珂羅版
      相傳,有一次骐骥院中來了幾匹西域進貢的寶馬,個個健美挺拔、生氣盎然。徽宗愛惜良馬,便命令專人飼養。李公麟一如既往地來此畫馬,見到新來的胡馬,激動不已,便大筆一揮,洋洋灑灑地在畫布上描繪出良馬的神色。
      然而,畫成後,馬卻死了。人們揣測因爲李公麟的馬畫得太逼真,把活馬的精魄攝去了。這則消息不胫而走,李公麟的名聲也越來越大。
      以致後來管禦馬的小吏見了李公麟就緊張,生怕他來畫馬,又把馬給畫死了。小官吏沒有辦法,最後只得編個說辭來诓李公麟:“你對馬這樣著迷,恐怕將來自己也會變成馬哩!我勸你以後不要再畫馬了。”
      除了繪畫,李公麟還是個官員。在蘇東坡和王安石鬧黨爭的時候,他既非新黨又非舊黨,但卻能與蘇東坡和黃庭堅保持良好的關系,實爲難能可貴。
      《苏轼诗选》里面就有《戏书李伯时画御马好頭赤》和《次韵黄鲁直画马试院中作》,“山西战马饥无肉,夜嚼长稭如嚼竹。蹄间三丈是徐行,不信天山有坑谷。”可见,他们之间的友谊已经超出一般的官场交往,而是至交了。不仅如此,在李公麟的画作上常常可以看到二人的题字。
      《五馬圖》是李公麟的傳世真迹,雖然本幅上並無他的署款和印記,但是卻有他的好友黃庭堅的箋題和後跋爲保證。
      此画南宋时由内府收藏;元、明两代,由柯九思、张霆发禑崴收藏;到清代康熙年间,流落在河南商丘宋荦家;乾隆时,《五马图》入清宫;到清末,由于时局动荡,《五马图》悄然离开故土,流散日本至今。
      黄庭坚 跋《李公麟五马图》 行书纸本 27×19.8cm
      释文: 余尝评伯时人物似南朝诸谢中有边幅者,然中朝士大夫多叹息伯时当在台阁,仅为善画所累。余告之曰:伯时丘壑中人,暂熱之声名,傥来之轩冕,殊不汲汲也。殊不汲汲也。此马驵骏,颇似吾友张文潜笔力,瞿昙所为识鞭影者也。黄鲁直书。
      《五马图》画的是西域进献给宋廷的五匹骏马,分别为鳳頭骢、錦膊骢、好頭赤、照夜白和滿川花,每匹马均有奚官牵引。三人为西域装束,两人为汉人打扮。人马造型准确,均以单线勾出,线条概括洗炼,流畅而含蓄,马的神采矍奕,人物衣冠不同,神情各异。
      至于马的来历,《宋史·哲宗纪》有简要记载:“元祐三年……是岁,三佛齐、于阗、西南蕃入贡”。此三国中,只有于阗产花马,《五马图》中的花马“滿川花”便来自此处。令人遗憾的是,黄庭坚在后跋中写道,当李公麟完成“滿川花”的写照后,这匹名马不久又死掉了,“盖神骏精魄,皆为伯时笔端取之而去”。这虽是一种巧合,却表达了黄庭坚对李公麟艺术的高度评价。
      蘇轼62歲所書《三馬圖贊》(殘卷)
      前半部分已佚現藏故宮博物院
      釋文:下禮部。轼時爲宗伯,判其狀雲:朝廷方卻走馬以糞,正複汗血,亦何所用?事遂寢。于時兵革不用,海內小康,馬則不遇矣,而人少安。轼嘗私請于承議郎李公麟,畫當時三駿馬之狀,而使鬼章青宜結效之,藏于家。
      紹聖四年三月十四日,轼在惠州,谪居無事,閱舊書畫,追思一時之事,而歎三馬之神駿,乃爲之贊曰:籲鬼章,世悍驕。奔貳師,走嫖姚。今在廷,服虎貂。效天骥,立內朝。八尺龍,神超遙。若將西,燕昆瑤。帝念民,乃下招。籋歸雲,逝房妖。
      “五马”中的另一匹于阗花马“鳳頭骢”的来历也有一段故事。在苏东坡的《三马图赞》中写道,元祐初年(1086年),哲宗下令关闭玉门关,并答谢众位将领。
      太師文彥博、宰相呂大防、範純仁派遣衆人前往。至熙河,當地的少數民族官員主動請纓,生擒猾羌大首領鬼章青宜結。戰功赫赫,于是文武百官都來朝賀,又遣使者去永裕陵祭祀先皇。
      此时,于阗国前来朝贺,进贡了宝马――“鳳頭骢”。此马高八尺,龙首凤膺、虎脊豹章。走入天驷监后,振鬣长鸣,万马皆喑。京城的百姓都没见过这样的奇马,纷纷前来瞻仰,引起一时熱闹。
      宋 李公麟 临韦偃牧放图
      绢本设色 46.2cmx429.8cm 北京故宫藏
      母本系唐代韋偃的作品,是李公麟奉旨而摹,共畫了1286匹馬和143個人。全卷氣勢如虹,起首雄壯剛勁,漸趨柔和平緩,構圖從密集緊湊漸成疏松流暢,敷色精細而無華麗之氣,畫風清雅,淳樸溫潤。
      在《臨韋偃放牧圖》中,李公麟出色地描繪出了當時皇室苑囿中牧放的馬群。作爲馬背上的民族建立起來的朝代,“唐人極重馬政,各苑俱以百千萬計,偃蓋寫當年苑中放牧之景”。
      这幅长卷从右向左展开,在高低不平的土坡和无垠的平原间,牧者驱赶着大群马匹蜂拥而来,马嘶人叫,熱闹异常;中段以后,马群逐散开成组,各自活动,有的低头、有的嬉戏、有的饮水、有的奔跑,姿态各异,情趣盎然。整幅作品中,共计1200多匹马,栩栩如生、洋洋大观。
      從總體看,宋代繪畫從筆墨到風格樣式都呈多樣化,但是有兩種比較大的風格旨趣始終貫穿于整個宋代畫壇,此消彼長且相互糾葛直至後世,即院體畫風和文人畫風。
      宋代文人畫家們的志趣所指多在花草和山林,多涉足花鳥山水,人物畫則顯得冷清。但是一個不爭的事實是,文人畫的思潮卻滲透和影響到各個畫種,包括人物畫。
      李公麟
      李公麟
      (1049-1106)
      北宋著名畫家。字伯時,號龍眠居士。舒州(今安徽舒城人)。神宗熙甯三年進士,曆泗州錄事參軍,以陸佃薦,爲中書門下後省刪定官、禦史檢法。
      好古博學,長于詩,精鑒別古器物。尤以畫著名,凡人物、釋道、鞍馬、山水、花鳥,無所不精,時推爲“宋畫中第一人”。李公麟因風痹致仕,歸居龍眠山莊,自作《山莊圖》,爲世所寶。傳世作品有《五馬圖》《維摩诘圖》等。
      李公麟:
      攝“馬”精魄 不死不休
      宋代是中國繪畫的最高峰,畫院制度的確立開啓了中國“士人畫”的新高潮。作爲“宋畫第一”,李公麟的聲譽隨著他筆下的駿馬而蜚聲朝野。這位21歲就考中進士的畫壇“怪傑”,在他31年的仕途生涯中,始終保持著旺盛的創作力。
      在編輯《宣和畫譜》時,僅宮廷收藏的李公麟畫作就達107件。直到晚年臥病在床時,李公麟仍然信手在被子上畫來畫去。
      李公麟善于学习,走“传统”与“造化”兼师的路线,而尤以“造化”为重。在渊源家学的基础上,他广泛学习前辈画家顾恺之、陆探微、韦偃、韩幹禑崴的画作,又能“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”,突破前人的束缚,“大率学韩幹,略有增损”。最终,李公麟的绘画功力在骏马上得到完美体现。
      蘇東坡有雲:“龍眠(李公麟號龍眠居士)胸中有千驷,不唯畫肉兼畫骨。”稱贊的便是李公麟。無論是奔跑在原野上的野馬,還是局促在馬廄中的貢馬,抑或是戰場上奮勇殺敵、不畏前險的軍馬,在李公麟的筆下都顯得熠熠生輝。
      李公麟高超的畫馬成就來自對生活的細致觀察和對技巧的純熟鍛煉。他喜畫馬,除了向傳統學習之外,還經常去“骐骥院”觀察禦馬,“終日縱觀,至不暇與客語”。
      所以他不但對于馬的形狀和姿勢知道得很清楚,就連馬的生活習性也都非常熟悉,因此李公麟年輕時就以畫馬出名,爲人所喜愛。
      维摩居士像 绢本水墨 91.5cmx51.3 京都国立博物馆藏
      此圖爲臨仿李公麟作品。畫中的維摩诘以老年居士的形象出現,頭戴巾子,袒胸露懷,手握拂塵。雖似病入膏肓,卻目光如炬,足以震懾觀者。床的後側站立著天女彷佛作散花之姿。維摩诘表情沈穩,衣飾床榻用線細膩而洗練,筆墨嚴謹而協調,也顯示出李公麟母本畫作的白描畫功底。
      李公麟,字伯時,祖籍安徽舒州。因安慶桐城郊外有一龍眠山,李公麟晚年告老,曾居于山下,才自號龍眠居士或龍眠山人。李公麟家富收藏,多得名畫,無所不有。
      《宣和畫譜》言其“博學精識,用意至到,凡所目睹,即領其要”,又道“凡古今名畫,得之則必臨摹”而至“集衆所善。以爲己有”。
      他早年師法吳道子,一方面其畫不失吳生的造型精准和筆墨的嚴謹,而當然的不免有過于板刻,拘于形模。米芾說:“以李嘗師吳生,終不能去其氣”。
      吳道子在唐朝也好,宋代也好,還未被納入文人畫的範疇,而自唐以降,吳道子被諸家諸派爭相學習,過度解釋,早已流俗化和民間化。
      而又極度重視文人意趣的米芾,看到的自然不是吳道子畫中優秀的那一部分,流俗也好,板刻也好,恰恰是去文人畫之氣,正是他們當時力求打破和克服的。
      李公麟生就一個典型的文人士大夫,二十二歲考中進士後,一生曆任各種官職,其志向卻不在官場,而是山林。《宣和畫譜》載其“從仕三十年,未嘗一日忘山林,訪名園陰林,坐石臨水,翁然終日”,平日結交往來的又都是蘇轼黃庭堅等學術大咖,不管從自身的主觀趣向,還是外在環境浸染,區區一個“吳生之氣”怎會困住李公麟。
      维摩演教图 纸本水墨 34.6cmx207.5cm 北京故宫藏
      這是根據《維摩诘所說經》創作的人物故事畫。畫維摩诘與文殊師利論辨的情景。畫作運筆既有變化,又富實感。衣紋稠密流暢,圓勁中有頓挫。領口、袖邊及發髻皆施以淡墨,神將铠鉀和座榻紋飾一絲不苟。爲傳世人物畫中的佳作。
      該圖卷後有明人沈度、董其昌和王稺登跋語。關于這幅畫的作者歸屬,徐邦達先生就提出:此圖白描畫法流利精致,爲宋人佳作,未必是李公麟所畫。也有專家認爲是元人畫。傳世的李公麟作品風格多樣,水平高低不一,真僞混雜。
      正如王稺登所言:“李伯時人品畫法名重當世,故一時效之者衆,魚目夜光,慧眼自辨”。《五馬圖》和《摹韋偃牧放圖》爲曆代鑒賞家公認的李公麟代表作。
      對照二圖《維摩演教圖》在技法上明顯遜色,筆墨簡潔含蓄不足,當是師承李公麟的白描人物畫,或是《維摩诘圖》的摹本。類似作品在明清人的著錄書中多有記載。
      后人把这类画不加筛辨全都挂在李公麟名下,凡白描人物皆李公麟绘矣。但此图又不同于元代何澄、王振鹏、张渥禑崴的白描画法。因此将该图定为宋人画是恰当的。
      首先,根據舒城縣詩詞協會會長宋志發編著的《北宋畫家李公麟》一書的資料顯示,李公麟不僅是“官員畫家”,更是詩文兼長的文人。
      王安石、蘇轼、蘇轍、黃庭堅、晁補之、米芾、秦觀、僧仲殊、蔡肇、張文潛等同時代著名文豪詩霸皆對他詩文贊唱,僅蘇轼寫給他的詩文赫然近40首(篇)之多,這在蘇轼是絕無僅有的,且名句疊出,如“東坡雖是湖州派,竹石風流各一時。
      前世畫師今姓李,不妨還作辋川詩。”(《次韻子由題憩寂圖後》)“心似已灰之木,身如不系之舟。聞汝平生功業,黃州惠州儋州。”(《自題金山畫像》)“古來畫師非俗士,妙想實與詩同出。龍眠居士本詩人,能使龍池飛霹雳。”(《次韻吳傳正枯木歌》)“觀此圖者,易直子諒之心油然生矣。筆迹之妙,不減顧、陸。至第十八章,人之所不忍者,獨寄其仿佛。非有道君子不能爲,殆非顧、陸之所及。”黃庭堅亦有大量吟詠,如:“李侯畫隱百僚底,初不自期人誤知。戲弄丹青聊卒歲,身如閱世老禅師。”(《詠李伯時摹韓幹三馬次蘇子由韻簡伯時兼寄李德素》)足見,李公麟當時不類于其他職業畫家的文人身份所引發的“重視”,李公麟在他的《跋〈閻立本西域圖〉》可佐證他的士夫文心:“豈得不通官籍,直呼畫師?以至丹青之譽,非輔相之才。丹青固不足以輔相,而所以爲輔相,乃不在丹青。”進士出身的他,史載中是否就是“學曆”最高的非職業畫家的繪畫大師呢?
      然而,一個特殊現象,李公麟盡管繪畫地位很高、技藝超群,卻一直不怎麽走紅,甚至一度受到輕視。其中原因衆說紛芸,依我所見,處于向“完整完善版”的文人畫過渡的李公麟繪畫恰恰被興盛壯大起來的文人畫大潮所打壓,他身後“寂寞”的“罪魁禍首”竟然就是越來越大寫意化的文人畫陣營。于是,婉辭王安石推薦擔任翰林書畫院待诏的李公麟總是不免有皇家畫院院體畫家之嫌,而事實或許不這麽簡單。
      董逌《廣川畫跋》評李公麟:“伯時于畫,天得也,常以筆墨爲遊戲,不立寸度,放情蕩意,遇物則畫,初不計其妍蚩得失。
      至其成功,則無毫發遺恨。此殆進技乎道,而天機自張者耶!”可知後來李公麟的畫作著意不在于外物,而是呈現立意在先放情蕩意的傾向和情趣。
      李公麟嘗自述道:“吾爲畫,如騷人賦詩,吟詠性情而已,奈何世人不察,徒欲供玩好耶!”這樣全然開脫的放任,已遠過蘇轼的文人畫思想。這種放然的繪畫主張,不得不說是同時也受佛家禅學的影響。鄧椿提過李公麟“學佛悟道,深得微旨”。
      再者,李公麟宣揚的佛法孝道忠節之類的作品,如《維摩演教圖》、《孝經圖》、《女孝經圖》、《君明臣良圖》、《忠節圖》、《臨顧恺之女史箴圖》等具有教化意義,在當時屬于“主旋律”。主旋律作品以超一流藝術表現思想、表現手法創作並得以千百載流傳,難道對今天的主旋律畫家創作沒有一點啓迪與勉勵?
      上世紀五六七十年代的中國畫壇湧現過不少可圈可點的主旋律畫家的主旋律作品,如錢松喦的《紅岩》至今被人津津樂道,最關鍵的就是思想、技藝結合得高度完美,否則便不會贏得好評,遑論傳世。及此,不能不提煥發墨線魅力的李公麟白描的出神入化。
      西岳降灵图 绢本水墨 26.5cmx513.7cm 北京故宫藏
      此作傳爲李公麟摹吳道子之壁畫。卷尾署名賀方回的題跋,說李公麟十分珍愛唐代李將軍的西嶽廟壁畫粉本,臨摹而有此作,畫的是西嶽大帝下臨凡間出遊巡獵的場景。
      西嶽大帝。西嶽大帝是道教體系中的華山之神,爲五嶽大帝之一,職掌五金陶鑄坑治,兼羽禽飛鳥之事。五行中西方屬金,白色,所以畫面雖然不著一色,可以想象西嶽大帝是穿白袍、乘白馬的。西嶽大帝不僅騎著駿馬高高在上、氣宇莊嚴,形態也比旁人大出一圈。
      白描自“畫聖”顧恺之開派,到了李公麟這裏登峰造極,“宋畫第一”的美譽即仰仗其白描藝術所賜。“白描以單線勾勒塑造對象,不用色彩渲染,所以也稱‘白畫’。由于李公麟發揮了白描的豐富表現力,也使白描成了一個獨立的畫種。
      就此而言,李公麟無疑是中國畫史上一個重要的裏程碑。元代大書畫家趙孟頫稱李公麟爲‘白描之祖’,雖然不是很准確,但也不是沒有道理的。”(陳祥明)李公麟筆下的人物、鞍馬、佛陀、器皿、魚龍白描,形神相顧,氣韻清空,深刻影響了元明清時期一些重量級人物畫家以及繡像版畫。
      近幾年,無論學院抑或民間,隱約閃現私淑白描畫法的高人,奉讀其作,每有驚歎之喜。基于弘揚中國畫傳統的職責,安徽省書畫院院長劉廷龍、安徽省美術理論研究會副會長兼秘書長王永敬(本次李公麟學術研討會發起者)等呼籲加強對李公麟“士夫”文人繪畫藝術的全方位觀照研究,並希望舒城縣政府方面采取切實有效的舉措,打造好李公麟這張含金量甚高的藝術大家品牌,使得李公麟現象成爲安徽新安畫派之外又一個熠熠生輝的亮點。
      裝飾豪華美麗的牛車成功地引起了沈從文先生的注意和研究。在沈先生的考證中,第一輛爲長檐金犢車,且“駕車用二牛背加錦鞯爲僅見”。
      金犢車是對牛車的美稱,典故出自《世說新語》,東晉丞相王導家拉車的小黃牛蹄角瑩潔如玉,價值千金,故稱金犢牛。長檐就是牛車上一個長長的罩檐棚頂。
      車上還有六根挑杆支成的木架,便于在雨雪酷暑時撐起幔布,在惡劣天氣時保護車棚、駕車人和牲口。
      在古代牛車的形制的裝飾都是有等級的,像圖中這樣華麗的牛車可是“諸王三公”才能乘坐的。第二輛車僅可見靠前部分覆瓦狀車篷和牛,也屬于長檐車形。
      第三輛車可見完整的“喇叭口型”棚頂,是唐代十分流行的形制。
      馮鞏也來當群演
      白莲社图卷 纸本水墨 34.9cmx1254.8cm 辽宁博物馆藏
      此圖流傳過程中一直被目爲李公麟所作,近人經研究始定爲李公麟外甥張激之筆。描述東晉慧遠法師于廬山東林寺白蓮結社的故事。
      全圖共分七段,繪十二僧七士共十九賢,利用樹石泉橋而自成段落。人物衣紋以蘭葉描法爲主,剛健流暢如行雲流水,形象栩栩如生。
      慧遠法師與陸修靜在虎溪橋旁握手笑談
      墨順法師與宗少文手拿執杖在林間徜徉
      有大貓
      普濟大師盤坐,輕依扶手講經,道敬、雷仲倫、墨诜圍在一旁聽經
      周道祖、道昺、雲常在普賢菩薩像前捧經頌佛
      佛馱耶舍與跋羅陁對坐
      劉仲思、張秀碩、惠永、惠特、惠睿圍于石研討佛經
      東林寺有一座蓮花池,于是指花爲名,命名爲白蓮社
      白莲社图卷 纸本水墨 30.2cmx593.1cm 美国大都会艺术博物馆藏。
      另一個版本的白蓮社圖,該畫筆法油俗,用筆輕飄恣睢,不到宋人水平,更不會是李公麟作品。描繪白蓮社成員的活動情景的《蓮社圖》曆來諸多名家描繪之,後又幾乎全歸在李公麟名下,魚龍混雜。
      本卷中的人物包括謝靈運、陶淵明、陸修靖、慧遠法師、劉遺民、張诠、慧永法師、慧睿法師、慧持法師、雷次宗、釋昙诜法師、竺道生、釋道敬法師、耶舍尊者、跋陀羅尊者、宗炳、周續之、張野、釋昙恒法師、釋昙順法師、釋昙昺法師等二十來人。
      民國蔡乃煌行書跋
      明皇击球图卷 纸本水墨 32.1cmx523.2cm 辽宁博物馆藏
      這幅畫描繪唐玄宗打馬球的場景。位于畫面正中的這個人就是李隆基,騎一駿馬,神情專注。圍在他身邊的這些人有的頭戴官帽,有的頭上插著簪花,手持球杆,和皇帝爭搶著地上的小球。畫上無作者款印,後有明傅著、吳乾、董其昌、年羹堯的題跋。
      流傳中一直被目爲李公麟所作,從畫風判斷應是南宋人所畫。畫中人物的衣紋,大抵是沿用李公麟的“高古遊絲描”來刻繪,筆法細厲,墨法精微,不是李公麟畫格,但仍不失佳作。畫面布局疏密有致,線條流暢。畫中人物姿態各異,靜中有動,富于變化。
      這居然有年羹堯大將軍的題跋,難得難得
      而細究之下,如《五馬圖》中人物馬匹的描繪終究算不上“以筆墨爲遊戲”,不論是人物的造型生態或者筆墨的運用都相當嚴謹而出彩,再者《宣和畫譜》贊其畫“至于動作態度,颦伸俯仰,大小美惡,與夫東西南北之人才分點,畫尊卑貴賤,鹹有區別”,“所畫狗馬鷹隼,器服人物一一皆世間所有,精致絕倫,有目者率能辨之”。
      如此不一而足,這應是李公麟畫格的一個重要方面,而非將其看作是一般的文人墨戲那樣。正所謂蘇轼之言:“有道有藝,有道而不藝,則物雖形于心,不形于手”。
      李公麟外在的手法技藝上能達到吳生的水准,但沒有停留在這一層面,他的審美境界已過吳生遠矣——“創意處如吳生,潇灑處如王維”,既可摭前輩精絕處又不一味蹈襲前人。
      在北宋時代大背景下,可視爲由院體的嚴謹工致而提升至文人氣逼格的潇灑和自在。
      商山四皓会昌九老图 纸本水墨 30.7cmx238cm 辽宁博物馆藏。
      此幅圖是由《會昌九老圖》和《商山四皓圖》合並起來的,敘述的是二個故事,描繪秦末高士東園公、甪裏、绮裏季和夏黃公四人避亂隱居中商山的故事,以及唐朝時,由胡杲、吉玫、劉貞、鄭據、盧貞、張渾、白居易、李元爽、禅僧如滿等九位七十歲以上的友人在洛陽龍門之東的香山結成“九老會”之故事。
      四皓、九老或觀棋,或遠望,或拄杖,或會友,完全是宋朝時文土家居生活的寫照。本卷入清宮重裝時中間以黃绫隔水斷開。整幅作品筆致纖弱工謹,清秀典雅,取材于隱居生活、文士會友,與士人畫關系密切。
      本圖畫風技法近于南宋牟益,故成畫時代當在南宋,舊題李公麟作不可信。曆代畫目著錄和流傳後世的“商山四皓圖”、“會昌九老”圖繪多爲單繪,遼甯博物館所藏爲合卷,將商山四皓與會昌九老故事作爲一個共同的題材而加以描繪,忽略了近一千余年的曆史間隔。
      這一創意確實比較罕見,但由之亦可看出,這兩個故事早在宋時就已經非常深入人心了,所以也才有將兩種題材合並爲同一的創繪。
      這些斷語在我們看不到幾個李公麟真迹的今天都太過膚淺,《宣和畫譜》中收錄他有一百多幅作品,那麽《宣和畫譜》的編撰者們出于時代的優勢,能夠遍覽李公麟的畫作,所言自有客觀中正之處。
      《宣和畫譜》後載:“其成染精致,俗工或可學焉,至率略簡易,則終不可近也”。嚴格說來,李公麟的成染精致,只是我們看到的表面,而率略簡易才是李公麟畫中最高妙之所在,也正是其文人畫本色的關鍵。
      龙眠山庄图 纸本水墨 28.9cmx364.6cm 台北故宫藏
      《佩文齋書畫譜》說《山莊圖》用王維《辋川圖》的畫法:“而行筆細潤,乃有超越之意”。蘇轼爲之記,蘇轍爲之賦詩。《山莊圖》不僅是一幅遠離塵囂的山村風俗畫卷,更體現了莊主思想傾向和生活情致。
      蘇轼在《題李伯時〈山莊圖〉後》說,李公麟在龍眠山,並非留意一草一木,然而《山莊圖》“其神與萬物交,其智與百工通。”所以他稱李公麟爲“有道有藝”的畫家。
      龙眠山庄李公麟晚年归隐龙眠山所建,背倚高山,面临平畴,视野旷阔,龙眠河绕西侧南流,明末桐城文士孙中 作《过李公麟山庄旧址》诗:“居士庄犹在,园林看转移。山川浑日旧,花鸟自今时。月散花椒影,烟沉墨竹枝。闲来搜胜迹,登眺客心悲。”
      有唐以來,可以說吳道子代表的是人物畫的最高成就。而到李公麟,他則是宋代人物畫無可爭議的巨擘。
      而也正是以李公麟開始,唐宋人物畫的審美之分野始開。鄧椿道:“郭若虛謂吳道子畫,今古一人而已,以予觀之,伯時既出,道子讵容獨步耶。”
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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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