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      [收藏·市場] 原创 三星堆到底是不是“外来文明”,最新考古结果,或将给出结论

      3 已有 18 次阅读   21小時前
      原创 三星堆到底是不是“外来文明”,最新考古结果,或将给出结论
      五百年來誰著史 2025-09-13 12:23
      三星堆文明:揭開古蜀國的神秘面紗
      文/老Q來科普
      編輯/一杯美式
      【前言】
      沈睡三千年,一醒驚天下的三星堆遺址,自上世紀20年代末首次發掘以來,其出土的每一件文物都在不斷刷新著人們對古代文明的認知。那些造型奇特的青銅人立像、工藝精湛的黃金面具、充滿神秘色彩的青銅神樹,無不令人歎爲觀止。隨著考古工作的持續推進,三星堆留給我們的未解之謎不僅沒有減少,反而越來越多。這些謎團中,有些甚至讓現代高科技手段都束手無策。那麽,這個神秘文明背後究竟隱藏著怎樣的秘密?它真的如某些人猜測的那樣,是外星文明在地球上留下的痕迹嗎?
      【發現曆程】
      1929年春天,四川廣漢真武村的兩位農民在自家田地旁挖掘水渠時,意外發現了一批精美的玉器和石雕。這個偶然的發現,如同打開了一扇通往遠古的大門。消息很快在當地傳開,引起了學術界的關注。1933年,在華西協和大學博物館館長、美國學者葛維漢和中國學者林名均的帶領下,首次對三星堆遺址進行了科學發掘。這次發掘,讓沈睡地下數千年的三星堆文明首次向世人展露真容。
      然而,當時正值考古學在中國的起步階段,特別是西南地區的田野考古經驗十分匮乏。加之專業人員稀缺,這些珍貴文物並未得到應有的重視。直到1953年全國文物管理委員會成立,才有專家想起30年代廣漢的這次考古發現。他們專程前往三星堆遺址周邊地區進行文物征集,但由于四川考古力量薄弱,未能開展系統性的二次發掘。
      轉機出現在60年代,隨著四川大學考古專業的設立,尋找實習場地的師生們再次將目光投向了廣漢。這次發掘讓學界對三星堆的認識有了質的飛躍。考古人員將這裏出土的文物與成都附近發現的帶有神秘符號的青銅兵器聯系起來,推測這裏可能是古代蜀國的重要中心。但真正讓三星堆名震天下的,是1986年兩個商代大型祭祀坑的驚人發現。出土的大量珍貴文物——精美的玉器、金器,以及前所未見的青銅器,不僅震驚了中國考古界,更在國際上引起巨大反響。
      【文明之謎】
      三星堆文明最令人著迷之處,在于它既是華夏文明滿天星鬥理論的有力佐證,又展現出諸多迥異于其他華夏文明的特征。那些青銅人像高鼻深目、闊口圓耳的面部特征,與傳統的中國人形象大相徑庭;而那些類似古埃及文明的金面具,更是引發了無數猜想。
      更令人費解的是,在深居四川盆地的三星堆遺址中,竟然發現了大量海貝。要知道,直到秦國開辟蜀道後,這片土地才真正納入中原文明的版圖。那麽在此之前,古蜀人是如何獲得這些來自千裏之外的海洋資源的?三星堆博物館的鎮館之寶——高達3.96米的青銅神樹,其采用的套鑄、鉚鑄、嵌鑄等複雜工藝,在沒有焊接技術的時代堪稱奇迹。這些超前的技術成就,讓部分學者不禁懷疑:這會不會是外星文明的傑作?
      值得注意的是,三星堆與古埃及、瑪雅文明同處神秘的北緯30度線上。有人推測,或許曾有外星飛行器在這一緯度附近墜毀,導致部分外星人滯留地球,後來修複飛船離開,留下了這些文明痕迹。但這種說法缺乏確鑿證據。事實上,古蜀國的開放程度可能遠超我們的想象。
      【貿易與交流】
      很多人認爲三星堆是外來文明,主要基于其誇張的器物造型和出土的大量象牙、貝殼。但若將視野放寬到當時的世界格局,就會發現古蜀國可能早已通過貿易網絡與遠方文明建立了聯系。雖然傳統認爲絲綢之路始于張骞通西域,但考古發現顯示,早在古蜀國時期,中國絲綢就已遠銷海外。在希臘雅典公元前5世紀的墓葬中,就發現了五種不同的中國絲織品;古印度文獻也記載,濕婆神特別鍾愛中國産的黃色絲綢。
      古蜀國雖地處四川,但通過三條主要通道與外界保持聯系:東線經長江三峽連接南方,北線翻越秦嶺通往中原,南線沿川西高原河谷直達印度和中亞。這解釋了爲何三星堆會出現海貝、象牙等外來物品。考古顯示,古蜀人不僅擁有大量海貝,還將其作爲貨幣使用。其中一種環紋貨貝就産自印度洋深海,同期商代墓葬也有類似發現,說明這些海貝可能來自與中原的貿易往來。
      【文明發展三階段】
      專家將三星堆文明分爲三個發展階段:
      第一階段(前2500-前1700年):新石器時代末至夏朝時期,尚處于部落形態。
      第二階段(前1700-前1200年):商代時期,文化特征開始顯著區別于周邊,可能是外來族群帶來的變化。出土的梳辮或挽發青銅頭像暗示這些外來者可能來自中原,他們帶來的先進技術使三星堆部落實力大增,最終建立規模宏大的古城。鴨子河穿城而過,北區爲宮殿和作坊,南區主要是祭祀和墓葬區。
      第三階段(前1200-前1000年):商末至西周初年,文明衰退,可能遭遇重大變故。
      【文明真相】
      三星堆最引人矚目的文物多出自第三階段,而當時中原的青銅冶煉和制金技術已相當發達,三星堆相較之下反而略顯落後。這間接否定了外星文明的說法。三星堆的發現打破了中華文明單一起源于黃河流域的傳統認知,證明在殷墟、良渚之外,長江上遊同樣存在高度發達的區域文明。這個發現將四川盆地的文明史向前推進了整整2000年。
      【奇特文物的解釋】
      三星堆出土的大量奇特人像,可能與創造這個文明的族群特征有關。據《華陽國志》記載,古蜀王蠶叢氏其目縱。學者認爲那些誇張的青銅縱目面具,正是以蠶叢氏的形象鑄造的。另一種觀點認爲,成都平原多霧的氣候使古人渴望看得更遠,因此將具有千裏眼特征的蠶叢氏神化。現代醫學則提出,岷山地區缺鹽可能導致甲亢病,使眼睛突出,青銅面具可能是對患病統治者的真實刻畫。
      【發掘暫停的原因】
      三星堆發掘工作暫停並非因爲發現了什麽不可告人的秘密,而是出于文物保護考慮。就像秦始皇陵一樣,現有技術無法確保出土文物的完好保存。金沙遺址出土的象牙因快速氧化而變得極其脆弱,輕輕觸碰就會碎裂。爲此,考古隊采用了最先進的保護措施:將祭祀坑置于恒溫恒濕的鋼架玻璃艙內,並配備現場實驗室,確保文物出土後立即得到專業處理。
      【最新發現】
      最新發掘的6個祭祀坑出土了13000件文物,包括金面具、銅頂尊跪坐人像等珍品。測年數據顯示這些文物集中在公元前1131至1012年。但令人困惑的是,如此輝煌的文明不僅突然消失,至今未發現任何文字記載。
      【文明延續的線索】
      金沙遗址的发现为解开三星堆之谜带来了曙光。虽然部分器物风格与三星堆一脉相承,但更多元素显示出中原文明的影响。最新测年表明三星堆文明持续到距今2966年,比原蠠嵯知延长了200年。这意味着三星堆与金沙有200年的共存期,很可能是古蜀国文明中心逐渐从三星堆向金沙迁移的结果。金沙凭借更优越的地理条件日益繁荣,最终在距今2900年完全取代三星堆,成为新的文明中心。
      公元前316年,秦軍入蜀,古蜀國滅亡。秦統一後的大規模焚書,使古蜀曆史幾乎湮沒。如今,這些深埋地下的文物正一點點爲我們揭開這段失落文明的神秘面紗,讓後人得以一窺那個多元文化交相輝映的絢爛時代。

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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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