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      [收藏·市場] 旧宫新语|张淑娴: “四美具”原状复原设想

      4 已有 137 次阅读   2025-06-30 19:52
      旧宫新语|张淑娴: “四美具”原状复原设想
      澎湃新聞 2025-06-29 12:20
      “四美具”位于紫禁城建福宮花園靜怡軒西室。乾隆十一年(1746),因內府收藏顧恺之《女史箴圖》、李公麟《蜀江圖》《九歌圖》《潇湘臥遊圖》,將四幅美人圖合而貯之于靜怡軒西室,取唐代王勃《滕王閣序》中“四美具,二難並”之句顔曰“四美具”。
      靜怡軒面闊五間,進深三間。“四美具”位于靜怡軒西梢間和西南梢間,兩間之間小門相通,總面積約32平米。
      “四美具”西梢間室內面積約20平米,靠西正中面東設黑漆描金寶座,後立黑漆描金《五事箴》五屏風,兩旁擺放宮扇等常規陳設。寶座前左右黑漆描金高低香幾各一對,上面分別擺放廣琺琅木法嵌腰圓鏡樂鍾、青玉爐瓶盒等物品。南北靠牆相對放置紫檀木插屏鏡和廣琺琅水法樂鍾。西間簡潔莊嚴,是較爲開放的禮儀性空間。
      “四美具”西南梢間室內面積約12平米,靠西牆放紫檀木羅漢床一張,足踏一件,羅漢床南北各放紫檀木櫃格一個,櫃內擺放各色古玩及百什件屜。床前兩邊各紫檀木竹式香幾一個,上放洋銅嵌冠架水法樂鍾一對,香幾下放帶銅座的銅琺琅小缸一對。東部依東牆安炕,正中面西設寶座,寶座上方牆上懸挂紫檀木挂格一件,挂格內盛放了各種古玩。炕北頭擺放紫檀木四層抽屜四美具插屏一座,一層內盛李公麟九歌圖一卷,二層禦詠李公麟蜀川圖一卷,三層禦詠顧恺之畫史女箴並書真迹一卷,四層禦詠李公麟潇湘臥遊圖一卷。炕南臨窗設紫檀木小案,案上下擺設各式古董。寶座南邊擺放紫檀木炕幾一對,上分別放置雕紫檀木頂豎櫃二件,內擺漆盒、瓷杯、青銅爵等器物。寶座北邊放置了兩件雕紫檀木櫃格,裏面盛放青銅、瓷器、琺琅、漆器等器物。房間南窗戶台下面放置箱、盒、匣、盤等器物,裏面存儲各色古玩。窗台上擺放插屏、花觚、花瓶等各色擺件。西南梢間的南面和西面兩面臨窗,光線充足,室內存放四美圖及各式古玩,乾隆皇帝閑暇時可坐在此鑒賞他的珍貴收藏。
      “四美具”是乾隆皇帝收藏四美圖的地方,他還命董邦達繪制圖畫、禦筆親書、大臣題跋,借此附會“良辰美景賞心樂事,賢主嘉賓歡聚一堂”的場景,以示君臣合作、共治國家。
      “四美具,二難並”,出自王勃《滕王閣序》,意思是良辰、美景、賞心、樂事,賢主、嘉賓歡聚一堂[1],是爲文壇佳話。紫禁城內也有一個“四美具”,位于建福宮花園靜怡軒西室。
      乾隆十年(1745),因“內府秘笈王羲之快雪帖,王獻之中秋帖,近又得王珣伯遠帖,皆希世之珍也,因就養心殿溫室易其名曰‘三希堂’”[2]。乾隆皇帝禦筆親書“三希堂”匾額,懸于禦座上方,並下旨董邦達繪制“三希堂記山水畫”一幅。乾隆十一年(1746),內府又收藏顧恺之《女史箴圖》、李公麟《蜀江圖》《九歌圖》《潇湘臥遊圖》按董其昌跋所言,此四圖原爲海上顧中含家所藏,後散佚,今先後俱入內府,因此仿“三希堂”之例將四圖合而貯之于靜怡軒西室,顔曰“四美具”,也命董邦達繪制《四美具合幅》並禦筆題書[3](著錄于《石渠寶笈》三編,現藏于台北故宮博物院)。
      图1 (东晋)顾恺之《女史箴图》局部(大英博物馆藏)
      靜怡軒是紫禁城內廷西北建福宮區域的一座建築。建福宮與建福宮花園建于乾隆五年(1740),後又陸續有些添建、改建工程。[4]建福宮區域建築依次爲撫辰殿、建福宮、惠風亭、靜怡軒、吉雲樓、慧曜樓,西爲建福宮花園,花園內有延春閣、敬勝齋、凝輝堂、碧琳館,玉壺冰等建築,環山而建,幽然靜谧。
      图2 清丁观鹏《太簇始和图》之建福宫花园(台北故宫博物院藏)
      靜怡軒位于建福宮軸線上,惠風亭後,爲建福宮寢宮。[5]面闊五間,進深三間,共十五間。前出抱廈三間,三間前檐隔扇門。東西梢間前檐及靜怡軒東西牆皆安支摘窗,周圍遊廊相連。室內明間三間相連爲一大開間,設屏風、寶座,額曰“與物皆春”,聯曰:“雨潤湘簾,苑外青巒飛秀;風披錦幕,階前紅藥翻香。”又有東梢間、東南梢間、西梢間、西南梢間,西室額曰“四美具”。後室五間並帶仙樓,聯曰:“墨壺琴薦相先後;舊詠新裁自品評。”又聯曰:“蘭殿藹晴晖,爐煙結翠;芝宮呈秀采,砌草舒芳。”[6]靜怡軒庭院種植梅樹二株,乾嘉二帝留下多首詠梅詩。“江南應作子,冀北始舒花。以屈爲信者,非冰即玉耶。滿庭噴芳馥,不水故橫斜。相對紅梨朵,當誰宜月華。”[7]贊詠梅花清秀典雅、柔美婉約的美麗和傲雪淩霜、冰清玉潔的精神。
      图3 建福宫花园静怡轩
      可惜1923年6月的一場大火,將靜怡軒和建福宮花園焚毀殆盡,“四美具”的空間格局及原狀陳設蕩然無存。按照靜怡軒仿建的甯壽宮景福宮內檐裝修也于光緒二十九年(1903)全部撤除改換裝修[8],可依據的樣本亦不複存在。乾隆十一年(1746)乾隆帝將四幅畫合而收儲于靜怡軒西間,定名“四美具”,精心設計了一個雅室。室內安置洋漆格子寶座,靠背內放裝有四幅畫的插屏[9],便于欣賞心愛的古畫,後被撤換;二十三年(1758)又陸續更換了一些陳設[10],“四美具”的原狀也經曆了不斷變化的過程,至乾隆中期逐漸定型,之後則少有改變。本文就文獻記載[11]、禦制詩文[12]、內務府檔案[13]、陳設檔[14]和劉榕女士的文章《靜怡軒建築淵源及其複原設計》[15],試圖複原“四美具”的原貌。
      一、“四美具”空間格局
      “四美具”位于靜怡軒西間,根據陳設檔的描述占據兩間,即西梢間和西南梢間(文中簡稱“西間”“西南間”)。西間與靜怡軒明間有牆或隔扇相隔。由于檔案的缺失,具體情況今人並不清楚,參照與靜怡軒近似的建築圓明園西峰秀色含韻齋的空間設計,隔斷牆中安裝嵌扇的可能性較大。
      西間面闊3.2米,進深6.38米,面積約20平米;西南間進深3.82米,面積約12平米。兩間之間應用檻窗相隔,中間小門相通,或僅開小門。西間與西北間之間,參照圓明園西峰秀色含韻齋的空間設計,應爲一堵隔斷牆,兩間之間無通道,進西北間需從靜怡軒後間輾轉進入。
      图4 静怡轩平面图
      “四美具”位于靜怡軒的西南角,西南間的東面爲實體牆。南面和西面安支摘窗,南面窗戶兩組上下四扇,西南間西窗三組上下六扇,西間西面窗戶四組上下八扇。根據乾隆四十二年(1777)景福宮擬換安大玻璃窗的檔案可知靜怡軒“四美具”窗上安玻璃窗[16]。乾隆時期的玻璃窗均爲玻璃窗戶眼,即在窗戶棂條中心安一長方形框,內安小塊玻璃,稱爲“玻璃窗戶眼”。靜怡軒使用的玻璃“長一尺四寸,寬九寸五分”[17],安裝在窗戶中心的玻璃窗戶眼。
      二、“四美具”室內陳設
      (一)西間陳設
      “四美具”西間室內靠西牆正中面東設寶座,寶座上設衣素緞坐褥靠背迎手,後設五屏風、宮扇等常規陳設。寶座前左右各“南漆高低香幾”一個,上面分別擺放“廣琺琅水法嵌腰圓鏡樂鍾、青玉爐瓶盒、青玉雙環洗、白地紅花磁甘露瓶”等物品,香幾下各擺放一個“洋磁巧工瓶”。寶座南北靠牆各放置一座紫檀木邊座玻璃大穿衣鏡插屏(背後貼禦筆字二張)和廣琺琅水法樂鍾一座。西室室內陳設相對簡單,是較爲開放的禮儀性空間的陳設。
      文獻記載:“(靜怡軒)西室,高宗純皇帝禦筆匾曰‘四美具’。屏間,則聖制‘視、聽、言、動、思’五箴也。”(此處記載恐有誤,根據乾隆禦制詩《五事箴》應爲“貌、言、視、聽、思”五箴。)乾隆帝《五福頌有序》載:“軒有屏,嘗撰五事箴,揭之以代銘座。”[18]屏風爲五扇,上貼落乾隆帝禦筆《五事箴》。此後,將禦筆揭下來,換上了缂絲《五事箴》。乾隆時期的檔案記載了缂絲圍屏心由蘇州制作。檔案具體如下:
      乾隆十九年三月二十二日,員外郎白世秀將蘇州織造安甯送到建福宮靜宜(怡)軒缂絲圍屏心五張隨本文,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:缂絲圍屏心做的無空處,著他賠補,不准報銷。所交活計安甯不用心看做,著德申饬。再照樣做缂絲圍屏心五張,邊子不要花紋。欽此。
      于四月二十日,太監董五經來說,首領桂元交禦筆缂絲圍屏心本文五張。傳旨:著照本文另做缂絲圍屏心五張,周圍要綠色回文錦邊一寸。欽此。
      “于本年十一月初五日,七品首領薩木哈將蘇州織造安甯送到缂絲屏風心五張隨本文,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:著貼落。欽此。
      于本月初六日,員外郎西甯、七品首領薩木哈將缂絲屏風心五張,持進赴靜怡軒貼落訖。
      于十一月初六日,監察禦史西甯、員外郎達子、七品首領薩木哈將靜怡軒換下缂絲五箴五張、禦筆字條一張、對一付,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:將缂絲五箴發往蘇州,周圍照花邊寬窄接出素地杖,外仍缂做絲回紋邊,其現有之花邊裁下交邊。再照靜怡軒群板上坐龍捧聖一樣缂做群板心五張,亦要綠回紋邊,其挑山對上绫邊起下做材料用,本文交懋勤殿歸禦筆收貯。欽此。
      于十一月初七日,員外郎達子將畫得綠回紋邊放寬地杖五箴紙樣一張,坐龍捧聖群板心紙樣一張,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:准照樣缂做。欽此。
      于二十年五月十五日,員外郎白世秀、副催總舒文將蘇州織造安甯送到缂絲五箴五張補接出回紋邊,隨換下花邊二十條,缂絲群板心五張,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:將缂絲五箴、缂絲群板著收貯,俟指出地方時再貼,其換下舊花邊交薩木哈鑲邊用,用時呈覽,准時再用。欽此。[19]
      乾隆十九年閏四月二十八日,監察禦史西甯來說,太監胡世傑傳旨:靜怡軒現安五真(箴)屏風一座,將下邊雕漆縧環拆去熔化,照上邊的漆邊一樣黑漆畫金夔龍邊心子,交南邊缂做,正面坐龍捧聖萬字回文一寸,其做法要與先傳五真(箴)字的邊一樣缂做,先畫樣呈覽。欽此。
      每扇外口高二尺八寸五分、寬二尺五寸二分,上邊寬一寸二分五厘、下寬一寸五分,兩邊各寬一寸二分五厘。裏口高二尺六寸五分、寬二尺二寸七分,畫邊寬九分。
      于五月初三日,監察禦史西甯將畫得靜怡軒坐龍捧聖綠紋邊一寸群板心子紙樣一張,持進交太監胡世傑進呈覽。奉旨:准交南邊照樣缂做。欽此。
      于十一月初五日,員外郎達子將蘇州織造安甯送到缂絲坐龍群板心五塊隨藍冊,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:缂絲片貼落冊子按例查核。欽此。
      于十一月初六日,監察禦史西甯、七品首領薩木哈將缂絲群板心五塊持進靜怡軒五屏上貼訖。[20]
      蘇州織造爲靜怡軒制作了缂絲《五事箴》圍屏心和缂絲“坐龍捧聖”裙板,均爲綠色回文錦邊,裙板“外口高二尺八寸五分、寬二尺五寸二分,上邊寬一寸二分五厘、下寬一寸五分,兩邊各寬一寸二分五厘。裏口高二尺六寸五分(裏口應高二尺五寸七分五厘)、寬二尺二寸七分,畫邊寬九分”。從檔案中了解屏風爲黑漆描金夔龍邊框,屏風有屏心和裙板,但具體的式樣並不清楚。
      乾隆三十九年(1774)景福宮按照“四美具”制作屏風的檔案給屏風勾勒了一個大概形狀。
      乾隆三十九年十月,行文,十二日,庫掌四德、五德、筆帖式福慶來說,太監胡世傑傳旨:新建景福宮著照靜怡軒四美具現安設五屏罩璧並博古櫃、閑余板、挂格一樣畫樣呈覽。欽此。隨按新建景福宮地面、床尺寸照靜怡軒四美具現設五屏罩璧並博古櫃、閑余板、挂格樣畫得五件屏罩璧、博古櫃、閑余板、挂格紙樣一張,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:罩璧背面縧環成做雕龍花紋,上面要通景落堂素心板雕龍搭腦,巴達馬須泥座罩璧一座;櫃子正面俱做雕龍花紋,兩山板不必做雕龍,要素木板,另畫大樣呈覽,准時發往粵海關成做。其櫃下香幾、閑余板、挂格,著造辦處成做,亦另畫大樣呈覽。欽此。
      于本月二十六日,員外郎四德、庫掌五德、筆帖式福慶爲做新建景福宮五屏罩璧一座,做得雕龍搭腦、須泥座五屏罩璧小木樣一件,前面畫得大小櫃三對、挂格一件,閑余板一件,並背面群板畫得雕龍元光樣通景落堂、素心板樣,又畫得五屏罩璧大紙樣,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:罩璧一座、大小櫃三對,照樣准發往粵海關成做,算伊貢內呈進,其背面通景心板不必配做,著造辦處配璧子。所做罩璧一座,得時不必成鬥,即將搭腦、須泥座、群板、邊框等送往京內成鬥安挂。其挂格、閑余板並櫃下香幾仍留京內成做。欽此。
      又于四十年三月初三日,員外郎四德、庫掌五德、筆帖式福慶將景福宮五屏風罩璧後挂格一座,畫得紫檀木雕龍閑余板、挂格紙樣一張,素香幾紙樣一張,交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:照樣准做,其香幾照舊樣成做。欽此。
      于四十年九月二十三日,員外郎四德將粵海關送到五屏風罩璧一分,持進交甯壽宮訖。[21]
      梳理檔案可知,“四美具”屏風罩壁是帶五扇插屏,屏扇由屏心、縧環、裙板構成,屏心貼落缂絲《五事箴》,裙板貼落缂絲“坐龍捧聖”,縧環雕刻龍紋,屏扇背面群板爲雕龍元光通景落堂,後改爲素板。屏風邊框是洋漆工藝,上有搭腦,下承巴達馬須彌座。道光十九年(1839)《靜怡軒現設陳設檔》記載的是“洋漆邊座鑲床刻絲五屏峰(風)一座”,與檔案記載相符。故宮博物院藏缂絲《五事箴》及龍額圍屏十幅注意是多幅,字五幅,每幅長117厘米,寬64.2厘米,連邊長132.4厘米,寬70.4厘米,分別缂絲“貌、言、視、聽、思”五箴,綠色萬字錦邊;龍額五幅,缂絲“坐龍捧聖”,綠色萬字錦邊。此件《缂絲五箴及龍額圍屏》與檔案記載“四美具”屏風中所用《五事箴》及龍額尺寸、裝裱錦紋皆相似,應爲“四美具”屏風上的,屏心貼“五箴”五幅,裙板貼“龍額”五幅。
      图5 缂丝《五事箴》
      屏風前爲寶座(或稱爲“寶座床”),寶座的工藝無記載,不過當時室內使用了大量黑漆描金的家具和裝修,如黑漆描金插屏鏡[22]、黑漆畫金花炕案[23]等,屏風也爲黑漆描金缂絲屏風,與家具和屏風相配,應爲黑漆描金寶座,上鋪衣素緞坐褥靠背迎手。寶座“靠背高一尺八寸五分、厚一寸九分、面寬二尺六寸三分,坐褥長四尺七寸、寬三尺一寸五分”[24]。
      寶座前放置“南漆高低香幾”各一對。南漆指南方制作的漆器,有雕漆、描金漆等品種。西間寶座及屏風均采用黑漆描金。前面左右描金漆高低香幾、上置器物。南北各放置一座紫檀木插屏鏡和水法樂鍾。
      (二)西南間陳設
      西南間室內面積約12平米,南面和西面兩面臨窗。
      靠西牆面東放置紫檀木羅漢床一張,足踏一件,上鋪繡藍紅綢坐褥一件,紅白氈二塊,黃錦套一件,氆氇套一件,葛布套一件。
      羅漢床南北各放木櫃格一個。《陳設檔》記載櫃內各放置七件器物,櫃門內盒和筆筒兩件小型器物。乾隆二十三年(1758)檔案記載靜怡軒博古櫃一對,內裝百什件32屜[25]。嘉慶七年(1802)十一月《靜怡軒四美具百什件》中,百什件共有32屜,按照《千字文》排列,從“天”字到“陽”字,與檔案相符,應放在博古櫃內。乾隆三十九年(1774)檔案記載景福宮“照靜怡軒四美具現設五屏罩璧並博古櫃、閑余板、挂格樣畫得五件屏罩璧、博古櫃、閑余板、挂格紙樣一張”“櫃子正面俱做雕龍花紋,兩山板不必做雕龍,要素木板”[26]。博古櫃爲紫檀木,上部爲博古架,下部櫥櫃雕刻龍紋。櫃格內放置各種古玩,格頂放《剿平三省邪匪方略》《九宮大成南北詞宮譜》《禦制詩》等書籍。
      羅漢床南北各放一個紫檀木竹式香幾,即紫檀木雕刻竹子式樣的香幾。“四美具”初設之時擺放的是黑漆描金香幾,乾隆二十三年換成紫檀木香幾[27],上放“洋銅嵌冠架水法樂鍾一對”,鍾用玻璃罩罩著。香幾下放帶銅座的銅琺琅小缸一對。柱子上挂“禦筆小挂屏一件”“文竹嵌銅字對一副”。
      東部依東牆面西安設炕,高一尺四寸五分(46.4厘米),炕一般寬130—140厘米,面西,正中鋪坐褥迎手錦靠背,稱寶座床。初期寶座床上用的是黑漆描金靠背,乾隆二十三年換成紫檀木靠背[28],之後又換用衣素緞靠背。床上放置盤、盒、書籍等。
      《陳設檔》中有“紫檀木挂格一件”,沒有明確位置,挂格應挂在寶座上方牆上。根據《陳設檔》,挂格內盛放了各種古玩。挂格上有抽屜,抽屜內盛放銅表、象牙扇、鼻煙壺、玉器等小件器物,格頂上放置六方盒二對。從中分析挂格是一個立體的多寶格式挂櫃,器物有些擺放在格子裏,有些則是鑲嵌在挂屏上的。這種多寶格式挂屏是清代中期較爲盛行的裝飾品,有雕漆、紫檀等不同材質的。故宮博物院現存多件紫檀木多寶格式挂屏,其中一件紫檀木邊嵌玉石多寶格式挂屏(圖6)兩件合爲一組,現挂在養心殿東暖閣。其爲紫檀木格,紫檀木回紋花牙,內嵌各種器物。右側一小櫃,銅荷葉把手,櫃內放置器物。另一件剔紅邊嵌玉多寶格式挂屏(圖7),爲剔紅纏枝花卉邊框,剔綠夔龍紋花牙,內嵌玉瓶插折枝花枇杷、玉羊、仙人乘槎、琺琅爐、琺琅高足碗等器物。右側一櫥櫃,櫃門剔紅回紋框,下層門框內嵌金邊框,櫃門安玻璃,安銅荷葉把手,內置畫軸等器物。它們的樣式和工藝做法與“四美具”紫檀木挂格異曲同工。
      图6 多宝阁式挂屏(故宫博物院藏)
      图7 剔红边嵌玉多宝格式挂屏
      此外,西南間室內還有“四美具插屏一座”,其檔案如下:
      乾隆十一年四月,廣木作,二十五日,七品首領薩木哈來說,太監胡世傑傳旨:靜宜(怡)軒洋漆格子靠背上著做夾堂插屏一座。欽此。
      于本月二十六日,七品首領薩木哈將做得夾堂插屏合牌樣一件,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。隨交出李公麟九歌圖一卷、李公麟蜀川圖一卷、李公麟潇湘臥遊圖一卷、顧恺之畫女史箴並書真迹一卷。奉旨:照樣准放大樣呈覽,准時再做紫檀木邊、楠木心,抽屜要四個。欽此。
      于五月十二日,司庫白世秀將畫得四美聚(具)插屏紙樣二張,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:夔龍縧環做商銀絲的,其跕牙並丕水俱要雕做。再跕牙看面並大邊、縧環地子、他薩俱要素的。欽此。
      于六月十四日,司庫白世秀將做得四美聚(具)插屏內抽屜樣,持進交太監胡世傑呈覽。奉旨:照樣准做,手卷准墊起糊住兩頭匣子准二色木的樣款,用紫檀木做,要落堂,寫子畫畫,將此匣子四件俱做成樣呈覽。欽此。
      于十二年二月初一日,七品首領薩木哈將做得貼字畫楠木心紫檀木邊四美聚(具)夾堂插屏一座持進交太監胡世傑呈進訖。[29]
      乾隆十四年十一月十八日,員外郎白世秀來說,太監胡世傑交四美具插屏一件,內盛抽屜四件,每件內匣子二件。一屜內盛手卷一卷,漢玉雙魚環佩一件(有璺),漢玉昭文帶一件,匣上各嵌漢玉昭文帶一件。一屜內盛手卷一卷,漢玉斧佩二件,匣上各嵌漢玉昭文帶一件。一屜內盛漢玉雙夔龍玦一件,漢玉連環一件,匣上各嵌漢玉昭文帶一件。一屜內盛漢玉仙人一件,漢玉獅子一件,匣上各嵌漢玉昭文帶一件。傳旨:將字畫绉處另糊手卷二卷,各換玉別子,其紫檀木邊框有冽處著線逢收什。欽此。
      于十二月初五日,七品首領薩木哈將四美具插屏一件,內盛抽屜玉器同持送安訖。[30]
      “四美具”插屏为紫檀木插屏,共有抽屉四层,每层抽屉内又放了两个匣子,配置各式玉器。但插屏的形式和雕刻的纹样不清。查阅档案,乾隆十六年(1751)《莲华经》按照“四美具”插屏制作插屏一座,紫檀木雕“佛样、坐龙牙子、火焰堂子、两边八吉祥小回纹边” [31];永安寺的信炮册子也按“四美具”插屏套制作一分,“楠木扫金罩漆,前面板雕二龙捧签子,后面板要二龙捧珠” [32];乾隆二十一年(1756)《五牛图》手卷亦照“四美具”插屏制作紫檀木插屏一件,“一边画松树,一边画竹子,拉道填金”[33]。这些插屏,从材质、工艺到纹饰都不一样,它们应仅仿照“四美具”插屏的式样,而后者的具体式样亦不明了。故宫博物院现存兰亭八柱插屏(图8)和梅竹三屉插屏,推测“四美具”插屏式样与此两件相同。
      图8 紫檀三屉画箱插屏 故宫博物院藏
      頭層內盛李公麟九歌圖一卷,紫檀木嵌玉匣二件,一件內盛青漢玉異獸一件,一件內盛漢玉連環一件;二層禦詠李公麟蜀川圖一卷,紫檀木嵌漢玉昭文帶匣二件,每一件內盛青漢玉異獸一件;三層禦詠顧恺之畫史女箴並書真迹一卷,紫檀木嵌漢玉昭文帶匣二件,一件內盛白玉帶鈎一件,一件內盛漢玉螃蟹一件;四層禦詠李公麟潇湘臥遊圖一卷,紫檀木嵌漢玉昭文帶匣二件,一件內盛漢白玉雙鸠一件,一件內盛漢玉雙魚一件。
      根據乾隆十一年(1745)檔案記載,“四美具”插屏放置在“洋漆格子靠背上”,推測初設“四美具”時室內放置了一個帶有格子的寶座,裝著四幅畫的插屏就放在靠背的格子裏,以便展卷欣賞。之後室內裝修則發生了變化,面西搭床,插屏應放在床上,放置的位置及式樣不清,應該是放在床的最北頭靠隔斷的位置。
      “四美具”插屏左右分別放雕紫檀木罩蓋匣一對(內盛馮祥畫寫意人物一冊,味余書室隨筆一冊,小玉器二件)、掐絲琺琅蟠龍瓶一件(內插班珠爾邊股扇一柄,趙秉沖字、余省畫,上拴漢玉葫蘆扇器一件)、周環鈕鍾一件(上拴漢玉昭文帶一件,漢玉結子三件,漢玉槌一件,紫檀木座上刻詩)。插屏下設紅雕漆壽春寶盒四對、雕漆壽春寶盒一對。
      寶座床南臨窗放紫檀木小案,案上擺設青玉梅瓶、青白玉爐瓶盒、紅雕漆四方三層盒。案下放黃公望《西山勝景冊頁》一冊,紫檀木都盛盤和廣琺琅亭式樂鍾一對。
      寶座的左邊即南邊(寶座面西,左邊即南邊)放紫檀木炕幾一對,炕幾上分別放置雕紫檀木頂豎櫃,共二件,豎櫃上放漆盒、瓷杯、青銅爵等器物。寶座的右邊即北邊放置了兩件雕紫檀木櫃格,上面擺放青銅、瓷器、琺琅、漆器等器物。
      房間南窗戶台下面放置箱、盒、匣、盤等器物,裏面存儲各色古玩。窗台上放置插屏、花觚、花瓶等各色擺件。
      南北窗戶見柱上挂銅鑲玻璃邊腰圓挂鏡一件,西窗南北見柱上挂錫胎鈞釉雙管挂瓶一對。
      三、總結
      “四美具”爲靜怡軒西間和西南間兩間,西間靠西窗正中面東擺放黑漆描金刻絲《五事箴》屏風,前爲黑漆描金寶座,兩邊放置香幾,南北有插屏鏡和水法樂鍾,爲禮儀性的空間,整體風格黑漆描金,莊重華麗。西南間西牆面東放置紫檀木羅漢床,兩邊爲紫檀木多寶格櫃。東牆面西設寶座床,床上坐褥靠背迎手,寶座上方挂紫檀木多寶格式挂格。寶座南放置兩個紫檀木頂豎櫃,寶座北放置兩個紫檀木櫃格。床北頭放“四美具”插屏,內存四幅“美人圖”真迹。床的南頭臨窗擺一小案,床下放各種箱櫃。室內櫃格、挂格、多寶格內均放置各式珍玩,是乾隆帝鑒賞書畫古玩的地方。室內均爲紫檀木裝修和家具,沈穩素樸。
      图9 四美具平面示意图
      “四美具”是乾隆帝收藏四件稀世珍品的地方,它“實與‘三希’互相輝映”。三希堂以三件稀世珍品寓意“士希賢、賢希聖、聖希天”。乾隆帝則在“四美具”中寫道:“乃今四美具一室,賞心樂事無倫比。寓意于物不留意,咄咄是吾乃所以。”[34]並讓董邦達繪制圖畫、禦筆親書、大臣題跋,借此附會“良辰、美景、賞心、樂事,賢主、嘉賓歡聚一堂”的場景,以示君臣合作、共治國家。
      ——————————
      參考文獻
      [1] (清)弘历:《御制诗五集》卷二十九《六兼斋有会》:“昔人以良辰、美景、赏心、乐事为‘四美’,贤主、嘉宾为‘二难’,故王勃有‘四美具,二难并’之语。”
      [2] (清)弘历:《御制文初集》卷四《三希堂记》。
      [3] (清)董邦达绘《四美具合幅》跋文中写到:“今年(乾隆丙寅)孟夏,万几余闲,得龙眠潇湘图卷,按董题识,搜宝笈之藏,而彼三图者,适咸在焉。益深叹赏。亲制跋语,仍聚置一室,颜曰‘四美具’,并绘图以传之。”
      [4] 张淑娴:《建福宫花园建筑历史沿革考》,《故宫博物院院刊》2005年第5期。
      [5] (清)弘历:《御制诗四集》卷六十一《题静怡轩》:“静怡轩,建福宫后之寝室也。”
      [6] (清)于敏中等编纂:《日下旧闻考》卷十七,北京古籍出版社,2001年,第224页。
      [7] (清)弘历:《御制诗三集》卷七十二《静怡轩梅花》。
      [8] “光绪二十九年八月奏为修理景福宫工程所需款项请由部库筹拨恭折仰祁圣鉴事。窃于光绪二十八年三月初三日奉懿旨:景福宫殿内装修着满撤去,按照现定式样成做。等因。钦此。钦遵。在案。因上年方向不宜,未能兴修。详查今岁合宜,即应遵旨修理。”参见故宫博物院内网,长编69206,内务府新整杂件377卷。
      [9] 中国第一历史档案馆、香港中文大学文物馆合编:《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第14册,人民出版社,2006年,第617页。
      [10] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第312页。
      [11] 参见《日下旧闻考》《国朝宫室》等。
      [12] 参见《清高宗御制诗文全集》。
      [13] 参见中国第一历史档案馆藏内务府《奏案》《奏销档》《活计档》等。
      [14] 故宫博物院藏《静怡轩四美具百什件》,嘉庆七年十一月,设31;《静怡轩现设陈设档》,道光十九年六月,设177。
      [15] 刘榕:《静怡轩建筑渊源及其复原设计》,《故宫博物院院刊》2005年第5期。
      [16] 乾隆四十二年七月,记事录:“于七月二十日,员外郎四德、五德将建福宫静怡轩四美具窗户三扇上现安玻璃,画得纸样一张,持进交太监鄂勒里呈览。奉旨:俱不必换安玻璃。钦此。”《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第40册,第441页。
      [17] 乾隆七年八月十五日:“司库白世秀、副催总达子将静怡轩向西窗户六扇需用玻璃尺寸折片一件,并贴得造办处锡玻璃长一尺四寸、宽九寸五分六块,长三尺一寸二分、宽二寸二分一块,长四尺、宽一尺三寸一块,西洋玻璃门一件,持进交太监高玉等转奏。奉旨:准用造办处玻璃,如不足用向开其里要。钦此。”《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第11册,第19页。
      [18](清)弘曆:《禦制文二集》卷三十七《五福頌有序》。
      [19] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第20册,第351页。
      [20] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第20册,第464页。
      [21] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第37册,第436页。
      [22] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第11册,第96页。
      [23] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第312页。
      [24] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第255页。
      [25] 乾隆二十三年十月,百什件:“初九日,郎中白世秀、员外郎金辉来说,太监胡世杰传旨:静怡轩现安博古柜一对,着配装百什件,其古玩如不足向里边讨用。钦此。……于十二月十九日,郎中白世秀、员外郎金辉谨奏:今为配装静怡轩紫檀木古柜二对,内百什件三十二屉,查得现存古玩一千二百三十二件,今已配装得十二屉,用过古玩三百八十七件。其余二十屉,虽现有古玩八百四十五件,多系大件漆木铜磁葫芦盒碗等项,难以配装,请领小式玉器古玩等件以备陆续配装应用,缮写折片,持进交太监胡世杰呈奏。奉旨:知道了。钦此。”《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第631页。
      [26] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第37册,第436页。
      [27] 乾隆二十三年,油木作:“十月初二日首领桂元传旨:着照四美具现安漆靠背、香几样另做紫檀木靠背、香几,先画样呈览。钦此。于十月初八日,郎中白世秀、员外郎金辉将画得四美具香几、靠背纸样二张,呈览。奉旨:照样准做素紫檀木的。钦此。于十一月初六日,副催总海升将做得紫檀木靠背一件、香几二件,持进安讫。于十一月十一日,郎中白世秀、员外郎金辉将四美具换下黑漆画金花炕案二张、漆靠背一件,持进安在养心殿呈览。奉旨:漆案几二件交敬事房,其靠背一件交造办处有用处用。钦此。《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第312页。
      [28] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第23册,第312页。
      [29] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第14册,第617页。
      [30] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第16册,第760页。
      [31] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第18册,第190页。
      [32] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第18册,第276页。
      [33] 《清宫内务府造办处档案总汇》第22册,第174页。
      [34] (清)弘历:《御制诗初集》卷三十二《李伯时蜀江图歌》。
      特此致謝:感謝故宮博物院賈薇和首都師範大學碩士研究生羅無爲。
      张淑娴 女,1965年出生。毕业于南开大学,历史学博士。现为故宫博物院研究馆员,从事明清皇宫建筑历史与艺术的研究工作。研究的重点立足于明清皇宫室内装修与装饰,从宫廷室内装修与装饰的历史、设计、制作到工艺和艺术特点进行较为系统、细致的研究。出版专著《明清文人园林艺术》、《金窗绣户:清代皇宫内檐装修研究》。发表学术论文几十余篇。

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      He held out his hand. ‘I shall be very pleased to show you anything I’ve got,’ said Keeling. ‘We will have a cup of{274} tea in my library unless Lady Inverbroom is waiting in your motor.’ The morning after their return from Enoshima was mostly spent at the hotel, as all three of the excursionists were somewhat fatigued with their journey. The boys embraced the opportunity to ask the Doctor the meaning of certain things they had observed in Japan, and which had not been brought up in conversation. Till we look on the world from above." "Would I not tell my dream, as nice young men in the Bible always did?" "No," he said, "my last name is Durand." He gave it the French pronunciation. "She air!" He was pleased. "Yass, we all good frien's togetheh." "Gholson, s'e, 'I done as I done, sir, from my highest sense o' duty. This ain't Lieutenant Helm's own little private war, Lieutenant Quinn, nor mine, nor yours.'" "I am Charlotte Oliver." "I'm afraid your explanation won't hold water," he rejoined. "I can't bring myself not to believe in what I saw. You see, all my life I have been trying to believe in miracles, in manifestations. I have always said that if only we could bring ourselves to accept what is not obvious. My best sermons have been upon[Pg 129] that subject: of the desirability of getting ourselves into the receptive state. Sometimes the Vicar has objected. He seemed to think I was piling it on deliberately. But I assure you, Doctor Allingham, that I have always wanted to believe—and, in this case, it was only my infirmity and my unfortunate nervousness that led me to lose such an opportunity." "It sounds incredible," the Countess said. There was a faint moaning cry in the doorway, a tiny white figure stood there. Mamie had been awakened by the ringing of the bell, she had missed Hetty, and had come down in her childish way to see what was the matter. For compasses, the lead points should be cylindrical, and fit into a metal sheath without paper packing or other contrivance to hold them; and if a draughtsman has instruments not arranged in this manner, he should have them changed at once, both for convenience and economy. Chuck-boring is employed in three cases; for holes of shallow depth, taper holes, and holes that are screw-threaded. As pieces are overhung in lathe-boring there is not sufficient rigidity neither of the lathe spindle nor of the tools to admit of deep boring. The tools being guided in a straight line, and capable of acting at any angle to the axis of rotation, the facilities for making tapered holes are complete; and as the tools are stationary, and may be instantly adjusted, the same conditions answer for cutting internal screw-threads; an operation corresponding to cutting external screws, except that the cross motions of the tool slide are reversed. "Sister," I said, "I am a cousin of S?ur Eulalie, and should like to see her, to know how she is and take her greetings to her family in The Netherlands." 102 As I went a patrol marched out—reinforcements had again come from Tongres—whose task was to clear the district of the enemy. The patrol consisted of six Death-head hussars, about forty bicyclists, and the rest infantry, altogether about four hundred men, who were able to keep together, because the hussars and the cyclists proceeded very slowly and cautiously in the direction of Lanaeken. I went with them, chatting with one of the officers. As soon as they had got to the road, the greatest caution188 was observed. The hussars went in front, followed by some of the infantry, all in loose formation, continually looking about in all directions, with the finger at the cock of the rifle. Nor is it only the personality of Socrates that has been so variously conceived; his philosophy, so far as it can be separated from his life, has equally given occasion to conflicting interpretations, and it has even been denied that he had, properly speaking, any philosophy at all. These divergent presentations of his teaching, if teaching it can be called, begin with the two disciples to whom our knowledge of it is almost entirely due. There is, curiously enough, much the same inner discrepancy between Xenophon’s Memorabilia and those111 Platonic dialogues where Socrates is the principal spokesman, as that which distinguishes the Synoptic from the Johannine Gospels. The one gives us a report certainly authentic, but probably incomplete; the other account is, beyond all doubt, a highly idealised portraiture, but seems to contain some traits directly copied from the original, which may well have escaped a less philosophical observer than Plato. Aristotle also furnishes us with some scanty notices which are of use in deciding between the two rival versions, although we cannot be sure that he had access to any better sources of information than are open to ourselves. By variously combining and reasoning from these data modern critics have produced a third Socrates, who is often little more than the embodiment of their own favourite opinions. the summer when I wasn't teaching Latin to my two stupid children. And so on, in an endless file, come the bodies of the faithful dead, some from long distances, so that their souls may rise at once to paradise from their ashes burnt on the Manumenka. “Looks bad, this-here, don’t it?” He grinned. Turning with a confidential air and addressing Dick, for whom he seemed to have the greater liking, Mr. “Everdail” spoke. “All ready!” called Larry, bending the end of the line so its flow went into the central tank of the amphibian. As soon as the yacht came in sight, they stared toward the stern. “We can prove it—come on!” He held up a hand, and pointed ahead, then opened the throttle, came onto a straightaway course over the hydroplane, rapidly overhauled it and got well ahead. Then, cutting the gun and gliding, as it came up under them, he signaled, and Dick, waiting, ignited a second flare. “What about Tommy Larsen?” He failed in his purpose. “Tommy’s a good pilot,” Jeff admitted. “Well—I’ll be on my way. See you at the next air Derby!” Jeff grinned at his joke and walked on. Countless times his nerves had been pulled by sounds which turned out on second thought to be only the contracting of the hot metal, subjected to the sun all day, as the evening breeze robbed it of its warmth. “He could start his motor and taxi while it warmed up, and be half across the Sound before he took off if he wanted to, in that ‘phib,’” the pilot said. Turning, he called that he would get going, and returned beyond their view beyond the trees. "Some Sierra Blanca, sir," said the soldier. It was respectful enough, and yet there was somewhere in the man's whole manner an air of equality, even superiority, that exasperated the lieutenant. It was contrary to good order and military discipline that a private should speak without hesitation, or without offence to the English tongue. A long sunset shadow fell across his path, and he looked up. Felipa was walking beside a little white burro, and holding Mrs. Campbell's golden-curled baby upon its back. She carried her head superbly erect, and her step, because of the moccasins, was quite noiseless. The glow of the sunset shone in her unflinching eyes, and lost itself in the dull black mass of her hair. She studied his face calmly, with a perfectly impersonal approval. There were also magazines and a few books in more than one language, wild flowers arranged in many sorts[Pg 36] of strange jars, and in the corner, by an improvised couch, a table stacked with cups and plates of Chelsea-Derby, which were very beautiful and very much out of place. "Over here to Tucson" was a three days' ride under the most favorable circumstances; but with the enthusiastic botanist dismounting at short intervals to make notes and press and descant upon specimens, it was five days before they reached, towards nightfall, the metropolis of the plains. At the instant a cloud floated over the sun, and soon a black bank began to fill up the sky above the ca?on. As they ate their breakfast in the tent, the morning darkened forebodingly. Felipa finished the big quart cup of weak coffee hurriedly, and stood up, pushing[Pg 99] back her camp-stool. Her horse and four others were waiting. Kirby was without fear, but he was also without redress. He turned from them, his face contracted with the pain of his impotence, and walked back to the house. "I could order them off the ranch to-night," he told his wife, as he dropped on a chair, and taking up the hearth brush made a feint of sweeping two or three cinders from the floor; "but it's ten to one they wouldn't go and it would weaken my authority—not that I have any, to be sure—and besides," he flung down the brush desperately and turned to her, "I didn't want to tell you before, but there is a pretty straight rumor that Victorio's band, or a part of it, is in these hills. We may need the men at any time." Neither spoke of the two who should have been back hours ago. The night closed slowly down. [Pg 209] "Now you get up and walk in front of me, and don't you try to bolt. I can run faster than you can, and, anyway, I'll shoot you if you try it." The probable outcome of things at the rate they were going was perfectly apparent. Landor would advance in age, respectability, and rank, and would be retired and settle down on three-fourths pay. He himself would end up in some cow-boy row, degraded and worthless, a tough character very probably, a fine example of nothing save atavism. And Felipa would grow old. That splendid triumphant youth of hers would pass, and she would be a commonplace, subdued, middle-aged woman, in whom a relapse to her nature would be a mere vulgarity. She gave a dry little sob of unutterable glad relief and tried to raise her voice and call to him, the call they used for one another when they rode about the ranch. But the sound was only a weak, low wail. Eugene, during these affairs, had been actively prosecuting the fortunes of the Allies with his remnant of an army. He pushed on the siege of Quesnoy, and took it. He sent a flying detachment of one thousand five hundred cavalry, under Major-General Grovestein, to make an incursion into France. This force made a rapid raid in Champagne, passed the Noire, the Meuse, the Moselle, and the Saar, ravaged the country, reduced a great number of villages and towns to[7] ashes, rode up to the very gate of Metz, and then retired to Traerbach with a load of rich booty. This was a proof of what might have been done in France at this period with the whole army united under a commander like Marlborough, in place of miserably giving up everything to that country in the moment of power. As it was, it created the utmost consternation in Paris, the people of which already saw the English at their gate; whilst Louis did not think himself safe at Versailles, but gathered all the troops in the neighbourhood of the capital around his palace, leaving the city to take care of itself. WELFEN CASTLE, HANOVER. Colonel Gardiner endeavoured to charge the advancing enemy with his dragoons; but it was in vain that he attempted to animate their craven souls by word and example—at the first volley of the Highlanders they wheeled and fled. The same disgraceful scene took place on the left, at nearly the same moment. Hamilton's regiment of horse dispersed at the first charge of the Macdonalds, leaving the centre exposed on both its flanks. The infantry made a better stand than the cavalry; it discharged a steady and well-directed volley on the advancing Highlanders, and killed some of their best men, amongst others, a son of the famous Rob Roy. But the Highlanders did not give them time for a second volley; they were up with them, dashed aside their bayonets with their targets, burst through their ranks in numerous places, so that the whole, not being able to give way on account of the park wall of Preston, were thrown into confusion, and at the mercy of the foe. Never was a battle so instantly decided—it is said not to have lasted more than five or six minutes; never was a defeat more absolute. Sir John Cope, or Johnnie Cope, as he will be styled in Scotland to the end of time, by the assistance of the Earls of Loudon and Home, collected about four hundred and fifty of the recreant dragoons, and fled to Coldstream that night. There not feeling secure, they continued their flight till they reached Berwick, where Sir Mark Kerr received Cope with the[97] sarcastic but cruelly true remark that he believed that he was the first general on record who had carried the news of his own defeat. "The same idea has occurred to me," said the Lieutenant; "though I've felt all along that we should not be diverted by anything from making our way as fast as possible up to the main line. What do you think, Shorty?" "I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you." "I'd probably hit him a welt and he'd go off bawlin' like a calf," he communed with himself. "No; Billings is too tame, now, until he finds out whether we've got anything on him to send him to the penitentiary, where he orter go." "But you ain't nigh 18," said Si, looking him over, pleased with the boy's spirit. Si and Shorty ran down in the direction indicated. They found the boys, stern-eyed and resolute, surrounding two weak-eyed, trembling "crackers," who had apparently come to the train with baskets of leathery-crusted dried-apple pies for sale. The men were specimens of the weak-minded, weak-bodied, lank-haired "po' white trash," but the boys had sized them up on sight as dangerous spies and guerrillas, had laid hands on them and dragged them down into the brush, where Gid Mackall and Harry Joslyn were doing a fair reproduction of Williams, Paulding and Van Wert searching Maj. Andre's clothes for incriminating documents. They had the prisoners' hands tied behind them and their ankles bound. So far they had discovered a clumsy brass-barreled pistol and an ugly-looking spring dirk, which were sufficient to confirm the dangerous character of the men. Two of the boys had secured ropes from the train, which they were trying to fashion into hangman's nooses. Gid and Harry finished a painstaking examination of the men's ragged jeans vests, with a look of disappointment at finding nothing more inculpating that some fishhooks, chunks of twist tobacco and cob-pipes. "Do you say that Sherman has extra tunnels, too, to put in whenever one is needed?" asked Harry, with opening eyes. "You bob-tailed brevet West Pointer," said Shorty savagely, raising his fist, "I've a notion to break you in two for tryin' to beat me out o' what's mine. Git out o' here, or I'll—" Fruyling's World The song was necessary, and his voice, carrying over the sounds that filtered through to him, was clear and strong. The Quarter Sessions were held early in December, and Robert's case came wedged between the too hopeful finances of a journeyman butcher and the woes of a farmer from Guldeford who had tried to drown himself and his little boy off the Midrips. Robert was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. "Of course it is—and the very best silk too. I'll put it on. Please undo my dress." Her look of surprise and adoration was his reward. Pete fetched some soup from the larder and heated it up to a tepid condition; he also produced bread and cold bacon, which the prodigal could not touch. Albert sat hunched up by the fire, coughing and shivering. He had not altered much since he left Odiam; he was thin and hectic, and had an unshaved look about him, also there were a few grey streaks in his hair—otherwise he was the same. His manner was the same too, though his voice had changed completely, and he had lost his Sussex accent. "If I could only see a parson," sobbed Albert at last. "Sacrilege!" shouted he—"sacrilege! Take them, dead or alive!" It was to little purpose that Richard expostulated; the fair Joan was resolved to share in whatever perils might befal her son. As they approached Mile-end, the princess started at the deafening clamour which arose from the multitude; some shouting for Richard as they saw him advance, and others vociferating as loudly that all should hold their peace until they knew what the king would grant. When the tumult had in some degree subsided, Sir Aubrey de Vere and Sir Robert Knowles rode forward in advance of the king, and approaching Jack Straw, who was also on horseback:—
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      ENTER NUMBET 0012